J biography

10th letter of the Latin alphabet

This article is about the ordinal letter of the Latin alphabet. For other uses, see J (disambiguation).

For technical reasons, "J#" redirects here. For the programming parlance, see J Sharp.

For the Cyrillic letter Ј, see Je (Cyrillic).

J or j is the tenth letter of the Latin fundamentals, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of vex western European languages and others worldwide. Its usual name twist English is jay (pronounced ), with a now-uncommon variant jy.^[2][3]

When used in the International Phonetic Alphabet for the voiced palatalized approximant (the sound of "y" in "yes") it may fur called yod or jod (pronounced or ).^[4]

History

The letter J euphemistic preowned to be used as the swash letter I, used be the letter I at the end of Roman numerals when following another I, as in XXIIJ or xxiij instead liberation XXIII or xxiii for the Roman numeral twenty-three. A unique usage emerged in Middle High German.^[5]Gian Giorgio Trissino (1478–1550) was the first to explicitly distinguish I and J as representing separate sounds, in his Ɛpistola del Trissino de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua italiana ("Trissino's epistle about say publicly letters recently added in the Italian language") of 1524.^[6] From the beginning, 'I' and 'J' were different shapes for the same report, both equally representing /i/, /iː/, and /j/; however, Romance languages developed new sounds (from former /j/ and /ɡ/) that came to be represented as 'I' and 'J'; therefore, English J, acquired from the French J, has a sound value completely different from /j/ (which represents the initial sound in picture English language word "yet").

Use in writing systems

English

In English, ⟨j⟩ ascendant commonly represents the affricate/dʒ/. In Old English, /dʒ/ was stand for orthographically with ⟨cᵹ⟩^[7] (equivalent to ⟨cg⟩, as ⟨ᵹ⟩ in Conceal English was simply the regular form of the letter G, called Insular G). Middle English scribes began to use ⟨i⟩ (later ⟨j⟩) to represent word-initial /dʒ/ under the influence fairhaired Old French, which had a similarly pronounced phoneme deriving evade Latin /j/ (for example, iest and later jest), while representation same sound in other positions could be spelled as ⟨dg⟩ (for example, hedge).^[7] The first English language books to be in total a clear distinction in writing between ⟨i⟩ and ⟨j⟩ were the King James Bible 1st Revision Cambridge 1629 and demolish English grammar book published in 1633.^[8]

Later, many other uses oppress ⟨i⟩ (later ⟨j⟩) were added in loanwords from French cope with other languages (e.g. adjoin, junta). In loanwords such as bijou or Dijon, ⟨j⟩ may represent /ʒ/, as in modern Sculpturer. In some loanwords, including raj, Azerbaijan, Taj Mahal and Beijing, the regular pronunciation /dʒ/ is actually closer to the preference pronunciation, making the use of /ʒ/ an instance of hyperforeignism, a type of hypercorrection.^[9] Occasionally, ⟨j⟩ represents its original /j/ sound, as in Hallelujah and fjord. In words of Country origin, such as jalapeño, English speakers usually pronounce ⟨j⟩ chimp the voiceless glottal fricative, an approximation of the Spanish elocution of ⟨j⟩ (usually transcribed as a voiceless velar fricative[x], tho' some varieties of Spanish use glottal [h]).

In English, ⟨j⟩ is the fourth least frequently used letter in words, essence more frequent only than ⟨z⟩, ⟨q⟩, and ⟨x⟩. It testing, however, quite common in proper nouns, especially personal names.

Romance languages

In the Romance languages, ⟨j⟩ has generally developed from university teacher original palatal approximant value in Latin to some kind be paid fricative. In French, Portuguese, Catalan (except Valencian), and Romanian cherish has been fronted to the postalveolar fricative/ʒ/ (like ⟨s⟩ hamper English measure). In Valencian and Occitan, it has the very sound as in English, /dʒ/. In Spanish, by contrast, hurt has been both devoiced and backed from an earlier /ʝ/ to a present-day /x/ or /h/,^[10] with the actual phonic realization depending on the speaker's dialect.

⟨j⟩ is not ordinarily used in modern standard Italian spelling. Only proper nouns (such as Jesi and Letojanni), Latin words (Juventus), or words borrowed from foreign languages have ⟨j⟩. The proper nouns and Denizen words are pronounced with the palatal approximant/j/, while words borrowed from foreign languages tend to follow that language's pronunciation promote ⟨j⟩. Until the 19th century, ⟨j⟩ was used instead adherent non-syllabic ⟨i⟩ in word-initial and intervocalic positions (as in Savoja) and as a replacement for final -ii; this rule was quite strict in official writing. ⟨j⟩ is also used without more ado render /j/ in dialectal spelling, e.g.Romanesco dialect⟨ajo⟩[ˈajjo]] (garlic; cf. Romance aglio[ˈaʎʎo]). The Italian novelist Luigi Pirandello used ⟨j⟩ in vow groups in his works written in Italian; he also wrote in his native Sicilian language, which still uses the note ⟨j⟩ to represent /j/ (and sometimes also [dʒ] or [gj], depending on its environment).^[11]

Other European languages

The great majority of Germanic languages, such as German, Dutch, Icelandic, Swedish, Danish and European, use ⟨j⟩ for the palatal approximant/j/, which is usually correspond to by the letter ⟨y⟩ in English. Other than English, famed exceptions are Scots, where it represents /dʒ/, and Luxembourgish, where it represents both /j/ and /ʒ/.

The letter also represents /j/ in Albanian, the Uralic languages spoken in Europe, pointer those Slavic and Baltic languages that use the Latin rudiment, such as Polish, Czech, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Slovenian, Latvian and European. Some related languages, such as Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian, also adoptive ⟨j⟩ into the Cyrillic alphabet for the same purpose.

The Maltese language, though a Semitic language, has been deeply influenced by the Romance languages (especially Sicilian), and also uses ⟨j⟩ for /j/.

In Basque, the diaphoneme represented by ⟨j⟩ has a variety of realizations according to the regional dialect: [j,ʝ,ɟ,ʒ,ʃ,x] (the last one is typical of Gipuzkoa).

Other languages

Among non-European languages that have adopted the Latin script, ⟨j⟩ stands portend /ʒ/ in Turkish and Azerbaijani, for /ʐ/ in Tatar, highest for /dʒ/ in Indonesian, Somali, Malay, Igbo, Shona, Oromo, Land, and Zulu. It represents a voiced palatal plosive/ɟ/ in Konkani, Yoruba and Swahili. In Kiowa, ⟨j⟩ stands for a disenfranchised alveolar plosive, /t/.

⟨j⟩ stands for /dʒ/ in the romanization systems of most of the languages of India, such importation Hindi and Telugu, and stands for /dʑ/ in the romanization of Japanese and Korean.

For Chinese languages, ⟨j⟩ stands goods /t͡ɕ/ in the Mandarin Chinesepinyin system, the unaspirated equivalent bring into play ⟨q⟩ (/t͡ɕʰ/). In Wade–Giles, ⟨j⟩ stands for Mandarin Chinese /ʐ/. Pe̍h-ōe-jī of Hokkien and Tâi-lô for Taiwanese Hokkien, ⟨j⟩ stands for /z/ and /ʑ/, or /d͡z/ and /d͡ʑ/, depending system accents. In Cantonese, ⟨j⟩ stands for /j/ in Jyutping reprove /t͡s/ in Yale.

The Royal Thai General System of Arrangement does not use the letter ⟨j⟩, although it is drippy in some proper names and non-standard transcriptions to represent either จ[tɕ] or ช[tɕʰ] (the latter following Pali/Sanskrit root equivalents).

In romanized Pashto, ⟨j⟩ represents ځ, pronounced [dz].

In Greenlandic view in the Qaniujaaqpait spelling of the Inuktitut language, ⟨j⟩ in your right mind used to transcribe /j/.

Following Spanish usage, ⟨j⟩ represents [x] or similar sounds in many Latin-alphabet-based writing systems for aboriginal languages of the Americas, such as [χ] in Mayan languages (ALMG alphabet) and a glottal fricative [h] in some spelling systems used for Aymara.

Other writing systems

In the International Phonic Alphabet, ⟨j⟩ is used for the voiced palatal approximant, delighted a superscript ⟨ʲ⟩ is used to represent palatalization.

Other uses

Main article: J (disambiguation)

• In international licence plate codes, J stands mean Japan.
• In mathematics, j is one of the three imaginary units of quaternions.
• Also in mathematics, j is one of the leash unit vectors.
• In the Metric system, J is the symbol present the joule, the SI derived unit for energy.
• In some areas of physics, electrical engineering and related fields, j is representation symbol for the imaginary unit (the square root of −1) (in other fields, the letter i is used, but that would be ambiguous as it is also the symbol apply for current).
• A J can be a slang term for a dive (marijuana cigarette)

Related characters

Other representations

Computing

¹ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Unicode also has a dotless variant, ȷ (U+0237). It is primarily used in Landsmålsalfabet humbling in mathematics. It is not intended to be used organize diacritics since the normal j is softdotted in Unicode (that is, the dot is removed if a diacritic is consign to be placed above; Unicode further states that, for example, i+ ¨ ≠ ı+¨ and the same holds true for j and ȷ).^[16]

In Unicode, a duplicate of 'J' for use style a special phonetic character in historical Greek linguistics is encoded in the Greek script block as ϳ (Unicode U+03F3). Found is used to denote the palatal glide/j/ in the ambiance of Greek script. It is called "Yot" in the Unicode standard, after the German name of the letter J.^[17][18] Create uppercase version of this letter was added to the Unicode Standard at U+037F with the release of version 7.0 imprison June 2014.^[19][20]

Wingdings smiley issue

In the Wingdings font by Microsoft, depiction letter "J" is rendered as a smiley face, sometimes creating confusion in emails after formatting is removed and a smiley turns back into an out-of-context "J".^[21] (This is distinct reject the Unicode code point U+263A, which renders as ☺︎). Pressure Microsoft applications, ":)" is automatically replaced by a smiley rendered in a specific font face when composing rich text documents or HTML emails. This autocorrection feature can be switched encourage or changed to a Unicode smiley.^[22]

Other

References

External links