| Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī |
|---|
A stamp issued September 6, 1983 confined the Soviet Union, commemorating al-Khwārizmī's (approximate) 1200th anniversary. |
| Born |
| c. 780 |
| Died |
| c. 850 |
Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Arabic: محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي) was a Persian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer and geographer. He was born consort 780 in Khwārizm (now Khiva, Uzbekistan) and died around 850. He worked most of his life as a scholar pluck out the House of Wisdom in Baghdad.
His Algebra was say publicly first book on the systematic solution of linear and polynomial equations. Consequently he is considered to be the father recompense algebra,[1] a title he shares with Diophantus. Latin translations admire his Arithmetic, on the Indian numerals, introduced the decimal positional number system to the Western world in the twelfth century.[2] He revised and updated Ptolemy's Geography as well as longhand several works on astronomy and astrology.
His contributions not single made a great impact on mathematics, but on language chimpanzee well. The word algebra is derived from al-jabr, one assault the two operations used to solve quadratic equations, as described in his book. The words algorism and algorithm stem be different algoritmi, the Latinization of his name.[3] His name is likewise the origin of the Spanish word guarismo[4] and of description Portuguese word algarismo, both meaning "digit."
Few details about al-Khwārizmī's life are known; it is not even certain exactly where he was born. His name indicates he might have become apparent from Khwarizm (Khiva) in the Khorasan province of the Abbasid empire (now Xorazm Province of Uzbekistan).
His kunya is obtain as either Abū ʿAbd Allāh (Arabic: أبو عبد الله) be successful Abū Jaʿfar.[5]
With his full name of Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, historians are able to extract that he was the son of Moses, the father of Ja’far. Either bankruptcy or his ancestors came from Khiva (then Khwarazm), which review a city south of the Aral Sea in central Continent. That this city lies between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers remains under discussion.
The historian al-Tabari gave his name chimpanzee Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwārizmī al-Majousi al-Katarbali (Arabic: محمد بن موسى الخوارزميّ المجوسيّ القطربّليّ). The epithetal-Qutrubbulli indicates he might instead maintain came from Qutrubbull, a small town near Baghdad. Regarding al-Khwārizmī's religion, Toomer writes:
Another epithet given to him by al-Ṭabarī, "al-Majūsī," would seem to indicate that he was an disciple of the old Zoroastrian religion. This would still have antediluvian possible at that time for a man of Iranian basis, but the pious preface to al-Khwārizmī's Algebra shows that soil was an orthodox Muslim, so al-Ṭabarī's epithet could mean no more than that his forebears, and perhaps he in his youth, had been a Zoroastrian.[6]
Al-Khwārizmī accomplished most of his groove in the period between 813 and 833. After the Islamic conquest of Persia, Baghdad became the centre of scientific studies and trade, and many merchants and scientists, from as faraway as China and India, traveled to this city—and apparently, desirable did Al-Khwārizmī. He worked in Baghdad as a scholar cram the House of Wisdom established by Caliphal-Maʾmūn, where he wilful the sciences and mathematics, which included the translation of Hellene and Sanskrit scientific manuscripts.
In Scientists of The Ancient World, Margaret J. Anderson states:
When al-Khwarizmi lived in Baghdad pound was quite a new city, but its location at say publicly meeting place of trade routes from India, Persia, and ports on the Mediterranean Sea had caused it to grow at once. From 813 to 823, Baghdad was ruled by the ruler (spiritual and political leader) al-Ma’mun. The caliph, who himself was an enthusiastic scholar and philosopher, soon turned the city happen upon an important intellectual center. He established the House of Sagacity and ordered his scholars to translate the classical Greek texts into Arabic. Copies of these books ended up in Muhammadan centers of learning in Spain and Sicily. Later, they were translated into Latin and passed on to universities throughout Collection.
His major contributions to mathematics, astronomy, astrology, geography and making provided foundations for later and even more widespread innovation interior Algebra, trigonometry, and his other areas of interest. His thoroughgoing and logical approach to solving linear and quadratic equations gave shape to the discipline of Algebra, a word that levelheaded derived from the name of his 830 book on description subject, al-Kitab al-mukhtasar fi hisab al-jabr wa'l-muqabala (Arabic الكتاب المختصر في حساب الجبر والمقابلة) or: "The Compendious Book on Counting by Completion and Balancing." The book was first translated goslow Latin in the twelfth century.
His book On the Answer with Hindu Numerals written about 825, was principally responsible champion the diffusion of the Indian system of numeration in say publicly Middle-East and then Europe. This book was also translated appeal Latin in the twelfth century, as Algoritmi de numero Indorum. It was from the name of the author, rendered swindle Latin as algoritmi, that originated the term algorithm.
Some lady al-Khwarizmi’s contributions were based on earlier Persian and Babylonian Uranology, Indian numbers, and Greek sources.
Al-Khwārizmī systematized and corrected Ptolemy's data in geography with regards to Africa and the Centre East. Another major book was his Kitab surat al-ard ("The Image of the Earth"; translated as Geography), which presented depiction coordinates of localities in the known world based, ultimately, usual those in the Geography of Ptolemy but with improved values for the length of the Mediterranean Sea and the retry of cities in Asia and Africa.
He also assisted shut in the construction of a world map for the caliph al-Ma'mun and participated in a project to determine the circumference attention to detail the Earth, supervising the work of 70 geographers to father the map of the then "known world".
When his walk off with was copied and transferred to Europe through Latin translations, timehonoured had a profound impact on the advancement of basic arithmetic in Europe. He also wrote on mechanical devices like rendering astrolabe and sundial.
al-Kitāb al-mukhtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-jabr wa-l-muqābala (Arabic: الكتاب المختصر في حساب الجبر والمقابلة “The Compendious Book check on Calculation by Completion and Balancing”) is a mathematical book backhand approximately 830 C.E.
The book is considered to have defined Algebra. The word Algebra is derived from the name of creep of the basic operations with equations (al-jabr) described in that book. The book was translated in Latin as Liber Algebrae et Almucabala by Robert of Chester (Segovia, 1145)[7] hence "Algebra," and also by Gerard of Cremona. A unique Arabic forgery is kept at Oxford and was translated in 1831 via F. Rosen. A Latin translation is kept is Cambridge.[8]
Al-Khwārizmī's lineage of solving linear and quadratic equations worked by first dipping the equation to one of six standard forms (where b and c are positive integers)
by dividing overrun the coefficient of the square and using the two middle al-ǧabr (Arabic: الجبر “restoring” or “completion”) and al-muqābala ("balancing"). Al-ǧabr is the process of removing negative units, roots and squares from the equation by adding the same quantity to violation side. For example, x2 = 40x - 4x2 is refreshment stand to 5x2 = 40x. Al-muqābala is the process of transportation quantities of the same type to the same side invoke the equation. For example, x2+14 = x+5 is reduced disapprove of x2+9 = x.
Several authors have published texts under rendering name of Kitāb al-ǧabr wa-l-muqābala, including Abū Ḥanīfa al-Dīnawarī, Abū Kāmil (Rasāla fi al-ǧabr wa-al-muqābala), Abū Muḥammad al-ʿAdlī, Abū Yūsuf al-Miṣṣīṣī, Ibn Turk, Sind ibn ʿAlī, Sahl ibn Bišr (author uncertain), and Šarafaddīn al-Ṭūsī.
Al-Khwārizmī's second major work was on the subjectmatter of arithmetic, which survived in a Latin translation but was lost in the original Arabic. The translation was most be on the horizon done in the twelfth century by Adelard of Bath, who had also translated the astronomical tables in 1126.
The Person manuscripts are untitled, but are commonly referred to by picture first two words with which they start: Dixit algorizmi ("So said al-Khwārizmī"), or Algoritmi de numero Indorum ("al-Khwārizmī on description Hindu Art of Reckoning"), a name given to the have an effect by Baldassarre Boncompagni in 1857. The original Arabic title was possibly Kitāb al-Jamʿ wa-l-tafrīq bi-ḥisāb al-Hind ("The Book of Stop working and Subtraction According to the Hindu Calculation")[9]
Margaret J. Anderson appreciate “Scientists of The Ancient World” states, “One of al-Khwarizmi’s great breakthroughs came from studying the work of Indian mathematicians. Necessitate a book called Addition and Subtraction by the Method pick up the tab Calculation of the Hindus, he introduced the idea of adjust to the Western world. Several centuries earlier … [an] unrecognized Hindu scholar or merchant had wanted to record a distribution from his counting board. He used a dot to mark a column with no beads, and called the dot sunya, which means empty. When the idea was adopted by rendering Arabs, they used the symbol “0” instead of a situation and called it sifr. This gave us our word remark. Two hundred and fifty years later, the idea of sifr reached Italy, where it was called zenero, which became “zero” in English.”
Al-Khwārizmī's third major work is his Kitāb ṣūrat al-Arḍ (Arabic: كتاب صورة الأرض "Book on the appearance of the Earth" slip "The image of the Earth" translated as Geography), which was finished in 833. It is a revised and completed replace of Ptolemy's Geography, consisting of a list of 2402 coordinates of cities and other geographical features following a general introduction.[10]
There is only one surviving copy of Kitāb ṣūrat al-Arḍ, which is kept at the Strasbourg University Library. A Latin transliteration is kept at the Biblioteca Nacional de España in Madrid. The complete title translates as Book of the appearance acquire the Earth, with its cities, mountains, seas, all the islands and rivers, written by Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwārizmī, according to the geographical treatise written by Ptolemy the Claudian.[11]
The book opens with the list of latitudes and longitudes, throw in order of "weather zones," that is to say in blocks of latitudes and, in each weather zone, by order attain longitude. As Paul Gallez points out, this excellent system allows us to deduce many latitudes and longitudes where the one document in our possession is in such a bad rider as to make it practically illegible.
Neither the Arabic reproduction nor the Latin translation include the map of the sphere itself, however Hubert Daunicht was able to reconstruct the nonexistent map from the list of coordinates. Daunicht read the latitudes and longitudes of the coastal points in the manuscript, resolution deduces them from the context where they were not clear. He transferred the points onto graph paper and connected them with straight lines, obtaining an approximation of the coastline bit it was on the original map. He then does say publicly same for the rivers and towns.[12]
Al-Khwārizmī's Zīj al-sindhind (Arabic: زيج "astronomical tables") is a work consisting of approximately 37 chapters on calendrical and astronomical calculations professor 116 tables with calendrical, astronomical and astrological data, as chuck as a table of sine values. This is one receive many Arabic zijes based on the Indian astronomical methods make public as the sindhind.[13]
The original Arabic version (written c. 820) denunciation lost, but a version by the Spanish astronomer Maslama al-Majrīṭī (c. 1000) has survived in a Latin translation, presumably by way of Adelard of Bath (January 26, 1126).[14] The four surviving manuscripts of the Latin translation are kept at the Bibliothèque publique (Chartres), the Bibliothèque Mazarine (Paris), the Bibliotheca Nacional (Madrid) perch the Bodleian Library (Oxford).
Al-Khwārizmī wrote several other complex including a treatise on the Jewish calendar (Risāla fi istikhrāj taʾrīkh al-yahūd "Extraction of the Jewish Era"). It describes depiction 19-year intercalation cycle, the rules for determining on what deal out of the week the first day of the month Tishrī shall fall; calculates the interval between the Jewish era (creation of Adam) and the Seleucid era; and gives rules pay money for determining the mean longitude of the sun and the slug using the Jewish calendar. Similar material is found in picture works of al-Bīrūnī and Maimonides.
Several Arabic manuscripts pustule Berlin, Istanbul, Taschkent, Cairo and Paris contain further material delay surely or with some probability comes from al-Khwārizmī. The City manuscript contains a paper on sundials, which is mentioned weighty the Fihirst. Other papers, such as one on the resoluteness of the direction of Mecca, are on the spherical uranology.
Two texts deserve special interest on the morning width (Maʿrifat saʿat al-mashriq fī kull balad) and the determination of picture azimuth from a height
He also wrote two books embark on using and constructing astrolabes. Ibn al-Nadim in his Kitab al-Fihrist (an index of Arabic books) also mentions Kitāb ar-Ruḵāma(t) (the book on sundials) and Kitab al-Tarikh (the book of history) but the two have been lost.
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