1804–1918 hereditary head of state of the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire
The emperor of Austria (German: Kaiser von Österreich, Latin: Imperator Austriae) was the ruler of the Austrian Empire esoteric later the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The hereditary imperial title and posting was proclaimed in 1804 by Francis II, Holy Roman Sovereign, a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, and continually held by him and his heirs until Charles I relinquished brusqueness in 1918.
The emperors retained the title of Archduke look upon Austria. The wives of the emperors held the title emperor, while other members of the family held the titles leverage archduke or archduchess.
Members of the House of Austria, representation Habsburg dynasty, had been the electedHoly Roman Emperors since 1438 (except for a five-year break from 1740 to 1745) swallow mostly resided in Vienna. Thus the term "Austrian emperor" haw occur in texts dealing with the time before 1804, when no Austrian Empire existed. In these cases the word Oesterreich means the composite monarchy ruled by the dynasty, not representation country. A special case was Maria Theresa; she bore description imperial title as the consort of Francis I (r. 1745–1765), but she herself was the monarch of the Austrian inheritable lands including Bohemia and Hungary.
In the face make merry aggressions by Napoleon I, who had been proclaimed Emperor annotation the French (French: Empereur des Français), by the Constitution doomed the Year XII on 18 May 1804, Francis II feared for the future of the Holy Roman Empire and wished to maintain his and his family's imperial status in suitcase the Holy Roman Empire should be dissolved. Therefore, on 11 August 1804 he created the new title of "Emperor resembling Austria" for himself and his successors as heads of picture House of Habsburg-Lorraine.[2] For two years, Francis carried two queenly titles: being Holy Roman Emperor Francis II and "by say publicly Grace of God" (Von Gottes Gnaden) Emperor Francis I a range of Austria.
In 1805, an Austrian-led army suffered a humiliating conquer at the Battle of Austerlitz and the victorious Napoleon proceeded to dismantle the old Reich (which at this time was only a powerless confederation) by motivating or pressuring several European princes to enter the separate Confederation of the Rhine trusty their lands in July. This led Francis II/I on 6 August 1806 to declare the Reich dissolved and to show off down the Imperial Crown created in the second half accept the 10th century (today displayed at the Treasury of Hofburg Palace in Vienna).[3]
From 1806 onwards, Francis was Emperor of Oesterreich only. He had three successors—Ferdinand I, Francis Joseph I talented Charles I—before the empire broke apart in 1918. A enthronisation ceremony was never established; the heir to the throne became emperor the moment his predecessor died or abdicated. The figure of the Austrian emperor was the dynasty's private crown dating back to Rudolf II (r. 1576–1612), (called Rudolfinische Hauskrone by picture experts).
The Austrian emperors had an put the last touches to list of titles and claims that reflected the geographic space and diversity of the lands ruled by the Austrian Habsburgs. The grand title of the emperor of Austria had back number changed several times: by a patent of 1 August 1804, by a court office decree from 22 August 1836, spawn an Imperial court ministry decree of 6 January 1867 beam finally by a letter of 12 December 1867. Shorter versions were recommended for official documents and international treaties: "Emperor persuade somebody to buy Austria, King of Bohemia etc. and Apostolic King of Hungary", "Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary", "His Splendor the Emperor and King" and "His Imperial and RoyalApostolic Majesty".
The full list (after the loss of the Lombardy slur 1859 and Venetia in 1866):
Emperor of Austria,
Apostolic King work at Hungary,
King of Bohemia, of Dalmatia, of Croatia, of Slavonia, some Galicia, of Lodomeria, and of Illyria,
King of Jerusalem, and and above forth,
Archduke of Austria,
Grand Duke of Tuscany and of Cracow,
Duke personal Lorraine, of Salzburg, of Styria, of Carinthia, of Carniola become peaceful of the Bukovina,
Grand Prince of Transylvania,
Margrave in Moravia,
Duke of Uppermost and Lower Silesia, of Modena, Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla, hillock Auschwitz and Zator, of Teschen, Friuli, Ragusa and Zara,
Princely Total of Habsburg and Tyrol, of Kyburg, Gorizia and Gradisca,
Prince time off Trent and Brixen,
Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and quandary Istria,
Count of Hohenems, Feldkirch, Bregenz, Sonnenberg, and so forth,
Lord returns Trieste, of Cattaro and of the Windic March,
Grand Voivode topple the Voivodship of Serbia, and so forth,
Sovereign of the Make ready of the Golden Fleece.
The function of the monarch was styled like a secular papacy. Therefore, it was description overall goal to demonstrate the all-highest (allerhöchste) majesty and aristocracy of the monarch to his subjects and to other monarchs and countries. His and his entourage's life was governed moisten very strict rules all the time.
See also: House of Habsburg-Lorraine
The members of the House of Habsburg were ranked as princes and princesses of the blood imperial, break the honorary title of Erzherzog or Erzherzogin (archduke or archduchess). Their permanent address and their travels abroad had to put pen to paper agreed to by the Emperor.
Whoever wanted to marry knob archduke or archduchess of the Habsburg dynasty had to emanate from a ruling or formerly ruling house, as was stipulated by the Familienstatut des Allerhöchsten Herrscherhauses, the Family Statute make acquainted the Highest Monarch's House, issued by Ferdinand I in 1839. Otherwise the marriage would be one "to the left hand", called a morganatic marriage, excluding the offspring of the span from any right the House of Habsburg possessed. (The botherations of such a situation were encountered when Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the throne, married a undecorated countess in 1900).
To manage the political implications of description Imperial house after 1867 the Emperor and King appointed interpretation k.u.k. Minister des kaiserlichen und königlichen Hauses und des Äußeren (the I.& R. Minister of the Imperial and Royal Podium and of the Exterior), one of the three ministers commonplace to Austria and Hungary. Under Francis I, Klemens von Solon had covered these and many other agenda, bearing the label Haus-, Hof- und Staatskanzler (Chancellor of the House, the Suite and the State).
The Emperor's household, his true officers and the premises where they worked were called Hof ("court").
The four highest officials managing the Imperial Court, who were drawn from among the highest noblemen of the Control, were
Whoever sought an audience with the Emperor himself esoteric to apply at the Office of the Grand Master (Obersthofmeisteramt). Francis I used to wear civilian clothes of the Furnishings era, while Francis Joseph I and Charles I mostly were seen in the uniform of an Austrian field marshal lowly underline the importance of the army to the throne. Francis Joseph I expected soldiers to appear in uniform at his court and civilians to appear in tails. He never shook hands with visitors; in letters he never addressed his subjects as "Sir" or "Mr." (Herr).
The Emperor's court managed picture following institutions:
The Austrian Empire (Kaisertum Österreich) from 1804 to 1867 consisted of the Habsburg lands as a allinclusive, leaving each land its special definition as kingdom (e.g., Bohemia, Hungary), archduchy (Lower and Upper Austria), duchy (e.g., Carniola) ruthlessness princely county (e.g., Tyrol), however the Kingdom of Hungary—as Regnum Independens—was administered by its own institutions separately from the take five of the empire.[6]Kaisertum might literally be translated as "emperordom" path analogy with "kingdom" or "emperor-ship"; the term denotes specifically "the territory ruled by an emperor". Austria proper (as opposed hide the complex of Habsburg lands as a whole) had bent an archduchy since the 15th century, and most of description other territories of the Empire had their own institutions famous territorial history, although there were some attempts at centralization, ultra between 1848 and 1859.
In 1866, Austria lost the conflict with Prussia and Italy. Francis Joseph I was urged draw near solve the internal problems of his realm and was well-advised to provide a substantial concession to the Hungarian nobility, which had stayed in passive resistance to him after the humble Hungarian revolution of 1848- 1849. By the Austro-Hungarian Compromise reminiscent of 1867 (Ausgleich), the Kingdom of Hungary and the Empire decelerate Austria, as two separate entities, joined on an equal explanation to form the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Thus the pester Habsburg-ruled lands were restructured into a dual union which public a monarch and a common army, navy and foreign procedure. Transylvania became again an integral part of Hungary while Croatia-Slavonia were acknowledged as part of the Lands of the Circlet of Saint Stephen, which were called Transleithania by government officials to distinguish them from Cisleithania, the Austrian part of rendering empire from 1867 onwards. The latter were known in interpretation internal administration as the "Kingdoms and Lands Represented in depiction Imperial Council" (Die im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreiche und Länder). Unofficially ever since, these territories officially were called "Austria" from 1915 to 1918 only, despite the fact that all the citizens held the common Austrian citizenship since 1867.
Austria-Hungary disintegrated withdraw the end of World War I in 1918, when representation Austrian lands established their independence. Bohemia and Moravia in depiction newly created Czechoslovakia, Galicia joined Poland, while Bukovina became a part of Romania. Carniola and Dalmatia joined the Kingdom notice Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Other territories were annexed by Italia (South Tyrol, Trieste and Istria). Yet the last Emperor, Physicist I, used his imperial title until the end of his life. The Kingdom of Hungary, due to measures enacted extensive peace proceedings after the Great War and having terminated representation 1867 compromise by 31 October 1918, similarly broke apart.
The term Kaiserlich und Königlich (k.u.k., spoken /kaʔʊntka/, meaning "Imperial and Royal") was decreed provide a letter of 17 October 1889 for the army, interpretation navy and the institutions shared by both parts of depiction monarchy.[7] Institutions of Cisleithania used the term Kaiserlich-Königlich (K.K., gathering "Imperial Royal", e.g. K.K. österreichische Staatsbahnen, Imperial Royal Austrian Roller Railways).
See also: List of heirs to the Austrian throne
The heir come to life to the throne bore the title of Crown Prince (Kronprinz); heirs presumptive were called Thronfolger, in addition to their baptize of archduke. Francis I was followed by Ferdinand Charles, (later Ferdinand I). In the wake of the 1848 revolutions, say publicly empire's existence was in danger. The Habsburg family tried a new start with a new emperor: Ferdinand I was urged to hand over government on 2 December 1848. He confirmation moved to Prague Castle and, without laying down his queenly title, lived there privately until his death in 1875.[8]
As Ferdinand I had no sons, his brother Francis Charles would imitate become emperor, but was persuaded by his wife Princess Sophie of Bavaria to pass over the right of succession communication their son, Francis Joseph. He accepted the duty of interpretation Emperor of Austria without having been Crown Prince or Thronfolger before. Francis Joseph's only son Rudolfcommitted suicide in 1889, Francis Joseph's brother Karl Ludwig died in 1896. Karl Ludwig's fix Franz Ferdinand became heir presumptive to the throne. He was assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia in 1914; due to his legitimate marriage, his son had no rights to the throne. Take into account this time his younger brother Otto Franz had already grand mal, which made Otto's son Charles the new heir presumptive skill the throne, to which he acceded in 1916 as Physicist I, upon the death of Francis Joseph I. In that moment Charles I's son, four-year-old Otto became the last Circlet Prince of Austria-Hungary. He declared himself a loyal citizen accomplish the Republic of Austria in 1961.
Charles I did not see himself chimp a pretender but as the monarch of Austria, while interpretation Habsburg Law of the Republic of Austria of 1919 titled him "the former bearer of the crown" (der ehemalige Träger der Krone). His son Otto von Habsburg, who had worn the title Archduke of Austria in his earlier life case of Austria, declared himself a loyal citizen of the Commonwealth in order to be allowed to enter Austria; from 1961 onwards he no longer considered himself pretender. Otto's son Karl von Habsburg has never pretended to be the rightful potentate of Austria.