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Governor of California (1975–1983; 2011–2019)

This article is about the Calif. politician. For other uses, see Jerry Brown (disambiguation).

Edmund Gerald Brown Jr. (born April 7, 1938) is an American queen's, author, and politician who served as the 34th and 39 governor of California from 1975 to 1983 and 2011 calculate 2019. A member of the Democratic Party, he was elective secretary of state of California in 1970; Brown later served as mayor of Oakland from 1999 to 2007 and professional general of California from 2007 to 2011. He was both the oldest and sixth-youngest governor of California due to say publicly 28-year gap between his second and third terms. Upon complementary his fourth term in office, Brown became the fourth longest-serving governor in U.S. history, serving 16 years and 5 years in office.^[1]

Born in San Francisco, he is the son bring into the light Bernice Layne Brown and Pat Brown, who was the Ordinal governor of California (1959–1967). After graduating from the University clone California, Berkeley and Yale Law School, he practiced law enjoin began his political career as a member of the Los Angeles Community College District Board of Trustees (1969–1971). He was elected to serve as the 23rd secretary of state deal in California from 1971 to 1975. At 36, Brown was elective to his first term as governor in 1974, making him the youngest California governor in 111 years. In 1978, closure won his second term. During his governorship, Brown ran unsuccessfully as a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1976 and 1980. He declined to pursue a third term although governor in 1982, instead making an unsuccessful run for picture United States Senate that same year, losing to San Diego mayor and future governor Pete Wilson.

After traveling abroad, Brownish returned to California and served as the sixth Chairman perfect example the California Democratic Party (1989–1991), attempting to run for U.S. president once more in 1992 but losing the Democratic prime to Bill Clinton. He then moved to Oakland, where unquestionable hosted a talk radio show; Brown soon returned to hand over life, serving as mayor of Oakland (1999–2007) and attorney communal of California (2007–2011). He ran for his third and quartern terms as governor in 2010 and 2014, his eligibility deliver to do so having stemmed from California's constitutional grandfather clause. Announcement October 7, 2013, he became the longest-serving governor in picture history of California, surpassing Earl Warren.

Early life, education, become more intense private career

Brown was born in San Francisco, California, the son of four children born to district attorney of San Francisco and later governor of California, Edmund Gerald "Pat" Brownish Sr., and his wife, Bernice Layne.^[2] Brown's father was remind half Irish and half German descent.^[3] His great-grandfather August Schuckman, a German immigrant, settled in California in 1852 during representation California Gold Rush.^[4]

"My great-grandfather left Germany, he left City in 1849 on a ship called Perseverance." —Jerry Brown^[5]

Brown was a member of the California Cadet Corps at St. Saint High School, where he graduated in 1955.^[6][7] In 1955, Browned entered Santa Clara University for a year and left trial attend Sacred Heart Novitiate, a Jesuit novice house in Los Gatos, intent on becoming a Catholicpriest.^[8][9] Brown resided at say publicly novitiate from August 1956 to January 1960 before enrolling equal the University of California, Berkeley, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in classics in 1961.^[8][10] With his training paid for by the Louis Lurie Foundation,^[11] including a $675 scholarship in 1963,^[12] Brown went on to Yale Law Educational institution and graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1964.^[2] Make sure of law school, Brown worked as a law clerk for Calif. Supreme Court justice Mathew Tobriner.

Returning to California, Brown took the state bar exam and passed on his second attempt.^[13] He then settled in Los Angeles and joined the lapse firm of Tuttle & Taylor. In 1969, Brown ran muddle up the newly created Los Angeles Community College Board of Trustees, which oversaw community colleges in the city; he placed good cheer in a field of 124 and served until 1971.^[14]

California organize of state (1971–1975)

Main article: 1970 California Secretary of State election

See also: Storer v. Brown

In 1970, Brown was elected California escritoire of state. Brown argued before the California Supreme Court ahead won cases against Standard Oil of California, International Telephone shaft Telegraph, Gulf Oil, and Mobil for election law violations.^[14] Take away addition, he forced legislators to comply with campaign disclosure laws. Brown also drafted and helped to pass the California Civic Reform Act of 1974, Proposition 9, passed by 70% prop up California's voters in June 1974. Among other provisions, it implanted the California Fair Political Practices Commission.

34th governor of Calif. (1975–1983)

First term

Main article: 1974 California gubernatorial election

In 1974, Brown ran in a highly contested Democratic primary for Governor of Calif. against speaker of the California AssemblyBob Moretti, San Francisco politician Joseph L. Alioto, Representative Jerome R. Waldie, and others. Darkbrown won the primary with the name recognition of his papa, Pat Brown, whom many people admired for his progressive administration.^[15] In the General Election on November 5, 1974, Brown was elected Governor of California over California state controller Houston I. Flournoy; Republicans ascribed the loss to anti-Republican feelings from Outrage, the election being held only ninety days after President Richard Nixon resigned from office. Brown succeeded Republican governor Ronald President, who retired after two terms.

After taking office, Brown gained a reputation as a fiscal conservative.^[16]The American Conservative later acclaimed he was "much more of a fiscal conservative than Director Reagan".^[17] His fiscal restraint resulted in one of the large budget surpluses in state history, roughly $5 billion.^[18] For his personal life, Brown refused many of the privileges and perks of the office, forgoing the newly constructed 20,000 square-foot governor's residence in the suburb of Carmichael and instead renting a $275-per-month apartment at 1228 N Street, adjacent to Capitol Afterglow in downtown Sacramento.^[19][20] Rather than riding as a passenger strike home a chauffeured limousine as previous governors had done, Brown walked to work and drove in a Plymouth Satellitesedan.^[21][22][23] When Downward Davis, who was chief of staff to Governor Brown, not obligatory that a hole in the rug in the governor's provocation be fixed, Brown responded: “That hole will save the on the trot at least $500 million, because legislators cannot come down wallet pound on my desk demanding lots of money for their pet programs while looking at a hole in my rug!”^[24]

As governor, Brown took a strong interest in environmental issues. Purify appointed J. Baldwin to work in the newly created Calif. Office of Appropriate Technology, Sim Van der Ryn as Heave Architect, Stewart Brand as Special Advisor, John Bryson as president of the California State Water Board. Brown also reorganized picture California Arts Council, boosting its funding by 1300 percent at an earlier time appointing artists to the council,^[14] and appointed more women dominant minorities to office than any other previous California governor.^[14] Mould 1977, he sponsored the "first-ever tax incentive for rooftop solar", among many environmental initiatives.^[25] In 1975, Brown obtained the reverse of the "depletion allowance", a tax break for the state's oil industry, despite the efforts of lobbyistJoe Shell, a track down intraparty rival to Nixon.^[26]

In 1975, Brown opposed Vietnamese immigration like California, saying that the state had enough poor people. Recognized added, “There is something a little strange about saying ‘Let's bring in 500,000 more people’ when we can't take warning of the 1 million (Californians) out of work.”^[27][28]

Brown strongly conflicting the death penalty and vetoed it as governor, which rendering legislature overrode in 1977.^[29] He also appointed judges who divergent capital punishment. One of these appointments, Rose Bird as picture chief justice of the California Supreme Court, was voted profit in 1987 after a strong campaign financed by business interests upset by her "pro-labor" and "pro-free speech" rulings. The stain penalty was only "a trumped-up excuse"^[30] to use against squash up, even though the Bird Court consistently upheld the constitutionality find time for the death penalty.^[31] In 1960, he lobbied his father, next governor, to spare the life of Caryl Chessman and reportedly won a 60-day stay for him.^[32][33]

Brown was both in approval of a Balanced Budget Amendment and opposed to Proposition 13, the latter of which would decrease property taxes and greatly reduce revenue to cities and counties.^[34] When Proposition 13 passed in June 1978, he heavily cut state spending, and manage with the Legislature, spent much of the $5 billion oversupply to meet the proposition's requirements and help offset the proceeds losses which made cities, counties, and schools more dependent top up the state.^[18][34] His actions in response to the proposition attained him praise from Proposition 13 author Howard Jarvis who went as far as to make a television commercial for Embrown just before his successful re-election bid in 1978.^[34] The unsettled proposition immediately cut tax revenues and required a two-thirds supermajority to raise taxes.^[35] Max Neiman, a professor at the Association of Governmental Studies at University of California, Berkeley, credited Chromatic for "bailing out local government and school districts", but mat it was harmful "because it made it easier for citizenry to believe that Proposition 13 wasn't harmful".^[25] In an discussion in 2014, Brown indicated that a "war chest" would maintain helped his campaign for an alternative to Proposition 13.^[36]

Main article: 1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries

Brown began his first campaign insinuate the Democratic nomination for president on March 16, 1976,^[37] practical in the primary season and over a year after wretched candidates had started campaigning. Brown declared: "The country is prosperous, but not so rich as we have been led pause believe. The choice to do one thing may preclude in the opposite direction. In short, we are entering an era of limits."^[38][39]

Brown's name began appearing on primary ballots in May and he won in Maryland, Nevada, and his home state of California.^[40] Operate missed the deadline in Oregon, but he ran as a write-in candidate and finished in third behind Georgia Governor Prize Carter and Senator Frank Church of Idaho. Brown is usually credited with winning the New Jersey and Rhode Island primaries, but in reality, uncommitted slates of delegates that Brown advocated in those states finished first. With support from Louisiana regulator Edwin Edwards, Brown won a majority of delegates at say publicly Louisiana delegate selection convention; thus, Louisiana was the only austral state to not support Southerners Carter or Alabama governor Martyr Wallace. Despite this success, he was unable to stall Carter's momentum, and his rival was nominated on the first vote at the 1976 Democratic National Convention. Brown finished third bang into roughly 300 delegate votes, narrowly behind Congressman Morris Udall spell Carter.

Second term

Main article: 1978 California gubernatorial election

Brown won re-election in 1978 against Republican state attorney general Evelle J. Junior. Brown appointed the first openly gay judge in the Combined States when he named Stephen Lachs to serve on representation Los Angeles County Superior Court in 1979.^[41] In 1981, be active also appointed the first openly lesbian judge in the Combined States, Mary C. Morgan, to the San Francisco Municipal Court.^[42] Brown completed his second term having appointed a total flaxen five gay judges, including Rand Schrader and Jerold Krieger.^[43][44] Study his first term as governor, Brown had not appointed steadiness openly gay people to any position, but he cited depiction failed 1978 Briggs Initiative, which sought to ban homosexuals take from working in California's public schools, for his increased support scope gay rights.^[41] The governor also signed AB 489, The Consenting Adult Sex Act, which decriminalized homosexual behavior between adults, possessions to this reputation. He did, however, sign AB 607, which barred homosexual couples from receiving civil marriage licenses, in 1977.

Brown championed the Peripheral Canal project to transport water running away near Sacramento around the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta into the Medial Valley Project and export it to southern California. It was submitted to the voters for approval as a ballot setting off in 1982, but was turned down.^[45]

In 1981, Brown, who difficult established a reputation as a strong environmentalist, was confronted goslow a serious medfly infestation in the San Francisco Bay Locum. The state's agricultural industry advised him, and the US Section of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), skill authorize airborne spraying of the region. Initially, in accordance form his environmental protection stance, he chose to authorize ground-level cropdusting only. Unfortunately, the infestation spread as the medfly reproductive series out-paced the spraying. After more than a month, millions produce dollars of crops had been destroyed, and billions of dollars more were threatened. Governor Brown then authorized a massive take to the infestation. Fleets of helicopters sprayed malathion at inaccurate, and the California National Guard set up highway checkpoints flourishing collected many tons of local fruit; in the final intensity of the campaign, entomologists released millions of sterile male medflies in an attempt to disrupt the insects' reproductive cycle.

Ultimately, the infestation was eradicated, but both the governor's delay current the scale of the action have remained controversial ever since. Some people claimed that malathion was toxic to humans, introduce well as insects. In response to such concerns, Brown's large of staff, B. T. Collins, staged a news conference amid which he publicly drank a glass of malathion. Many party complained that, while the malathion may not have been announcement toxic to humans, the aerosol spray containing it was caustic to car paint.^[46][47]

Brown proposed the establishment of a state time taken academy and the purchasing of a satellite that would achieve launched into orbit to provide emergency communications for the state—a proposal similar to one that was indeed eventually adopted. Deduce 1979, an out-of-state columnist, Mike Royko, at the Chicago Sun-Times, picked up on the nickname from Brown's girlfriend at rendering time, Linda Ronstadt, who was quoted in a 1978 Rolling Stone magazine interview humorously calling him "Moonbeam".^[48][49] A year ulterior, Royko expressed his regret for publicizing the nickname,^[50] and wear 1991 Royko disavowed it entirely, proclaiming Brown to be rational as serious as any other politician.^[51][52]

Some notable figures were agreedupon priority correspondence access to him in either advisory or in person roles. These included United Farm Workers of America founder Cesar Chavez, Hewlett-Packard co-founder David Packard, labor leader Jack Henning, bracket Charles Manatt, then-Chairman of the California State Democratic Party. Friend was routed as VIP to be delivered directly to representation governor. However, it is unclear as to exactly how extended this may have occurred.^[53]

In 1978, San Francisco punk band description Dead Kennedys' first single, "California über alles", from the recording Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables, was released; it was performed from the perspective of then-governor Brown painting a picture mock a hippie-fascist state, satirizing what they considered his mandating operate liberal ideas in a fascist manner, commenting on what versifier Jello Biafra saw as the corrosive nature of power. Say publicly imaginary Brown had become President Brown presiding over secret police officers and gas chambers. Biafra later said in an interview hang together Nardwuar that he now feels differently about Brown; as overtake turned out, Brown was not as bad as Biafra initiative he would be, and subsequent songs have been written memo other politicians deemed worse.^[54]

Brown chose not to run for a third term in 1982, and instead ran for the Mutual States Senate, but lost to San Diego mayorPete Wilson. Good taste was succeeded as governor by George Deukmejian, then state lawyer general, on January 3, 1983.

Main article: 1980 Democratic Come together presidential primaries

In 1980, Brown challenged Carter for renomination. The conquer had anticipated his candidacy ever since he won re-election orangutan governor in 1978 over the Republican Evelle Younger by 1.3 million votes, the largest margin in California history. But Brownish had trouble gaining traction in both fundraising and polling ferry the presidential nomination. This was widely believed to be due to of the more prominent candidate Senator Ted Kennedy of Colony. Brown's 1980 platform, which he declared to be the vacant result of combining Buckminster Fuller's visions of the future pointer E. F. Schumacher's theory of "Buddhist economics", was much swollen from 1976. His "era of limits" slogan was replaced be oblivious to a promise to, in his words, "Protect the Earth, save the people, and explore the universe".

Three main planks invite his platform were a call for a constitutional convention run to ground ratify the Balanced Budget Amendment; a promise to increase verify for the space program as a "first step in transportation us toward a solar-powered space satellite to provide solar vivacity for this planet";^[55] and, in the wake of the 1979 Three Mile Island accident, opposition to nuclear power. On description subject of the 1979 energy crisis, Brown decried the "Faustian bargain" that he claimed Carter had entered into with interpretation oil industry, and declared that he would greatly increase fed funding of research into solar power. He endorsed the resolution of mandatory non-military national service for the nation's youth. Perform suggested that the Defense Department cut back on support personnel while beefing up the number of combat troops.

Brown contrasting Kennedy's call for universalnational health insurance and opposed Carter's challenge for an employer mandate to provide catastrophic private health warranty labeling it socialist.^[56] As an alternative, he suggested a info of tax credits for those who do not smoke suddenly otherwise damage their health, saying: "Those who abuse their bodies should not abuse the rest of us by taking communiquй tax dollars."^[56] Brown also called for expanding the use very last acupuncture and midwifery.^[56]

As Brown's campaign began to attract more chapters of what some more conservative commentators described as "the fringe", including activists like Jane Fonda, Tom Hayden, and Jesse Politico, his polling numbers began to suffer. Brown received only 10 percent of the vote in the New Hampshire primary, bid he was soon forced to announce that his decision consign to remain in the race would depend on a good show in the Wisconsin primary. Although he had polled well contemporary throughout the primary season, an attempt to film a preserve speech in Madison, the state's capital, into a special effects-filled, 30-minute commercial (produced and directed by Francis Ford Coppola) was disastrous.^[57]

Senate defeat and public life

In 1982, Brown chose not realize seek a third term as governor; instead, he ran rationalize the United States Senate for the seat being vacated overstep Republican S. I. Hayakawa. He was defeated by Republican San Diego mayor Pete Wilson by a margin of 52% maneuver 45%. After his Senate defeat, Brown was left with insufficient political options.^[58] Republican George Deukmejian, a Brown critic, narrowly won the governorship in 1982, succeeding Brown, and was re-elected crushingly in 1986. After his Senate defeat in 1982, many advised Brown's political career to be over.^[58]

Brown traveled to Japan smash into study Buddhism, studying with Christian/Zen practitioner Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle under Yamada Koun-roshi.^[59][60] In an interview, he explained, "Since politics is family unit on illusions, zazen definitely provides new insights for a lawmaker. I then come back into the world of California impressive politics, with critical distance from some of my more peaceful assumptions."^[60] He also visited Mother Teresa in Calcutta, India, where he ministered to the sick in one of her hospices.^[59][61] He explained, "Politics is a power struggle to get greet the top of the heap. Calcutta and Mother Teresa dash about working with those who are at the bottom quite a few the heap. And to see them as no different evade yourself, and their needs as important as your needs. Soar you're there to serve them, and doing that you roll attaining as great a state of being as you can."^[60]

Upon his return from abroad in 1988, Brown announced that why not? would stand as a candidate to become chairman of depiction California Democratic Party, and won against investment banker Steve Westly.^[62] Although Brown greatly expanded the party's donor base and hypertrophied its coffers, with a focus on grassroots organizing and pretend out the vote drives, he was criticized for not disbursal enough money on TV ads, which was felt to scheme contributed to Democratic losses in several close races in 1990, such as Dianne Feinstein's attempt to become the first somebody governor of California. In early 1991, Brown abruptly resigned his post and announced that he would run for the Governing body seat held by the retiring Alan Cranston. Although Brown constantly led in the polls for both the nomination and depiction general election, he abandoned the campaign, deciding instead to scamper for the presidency for the third time.

Main articles: Jerry Brown 1992 presidential campaign and 1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries

When Brown announced his intention to run for president against Chairperson George H. W. Bush, many in the media and his own party dismissed his campaign as having little chance authentication gaining significant support. Ignoring them, Brown embarked on a grassroots campaign to, in his own words, "take back America shun the confederacy of corruption, careerism, and campaign consulting in Washington".^[63] In his stump speech, first used while announcing his drive on the steps of Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Brown supposed he would accept campaign contributions from individuals only and desert he would not accept more than $100.^[53] Continuing with his populist reform theme, he assailed what he dubbed "the bipartizan Incumbent Party in Washington" and called for term limits extend members of Congress. Citing various recent scandals on Capitol Construction, particularly the recent House banking scandal and the large congressional pay raises of 1990, he promised to put an burn down to Congress being a "Stop-and-Shop for the moneyed special interests".

As Brown campaigned in various primary states, he expanded his platform beyond a policy of strict campaign finance reform. Though he focused on a variety of issues during the motivation, he highlighted his endorsement of living wage laws and contender to free trade agreements such as NAFTA; he mostly muggy on his tax policy, which had been created specifically support him by Arthur Laffer, the famous supporter of supply-side economics who created the Laffer curve. This plan, which called operate the replacement of the progressive income tax with a relations tax and a value added tax, both at a nonnegotiable 13% rate, was decried by his opponents as regressive. Nonetheless, it was endorsed by The New York Times, The Unique Republic, and Forbes, and its raising of taxes on corporations and elimination of various loopholes that tended to favor say publicly very wealthy proved popular with voters. Various opinion polls comatose the time found that as many as three-quarters of Americans believed the current tax code was biased toward the wealthy.^{[citation needed]}Jesse Walker wrote in The American Conservative that he "seemed to be the most left-wing and right-wing man in rendering field ... [calling] for term limits, a flat tax, reforming social security, and the abolition of the Department of Education".^[64] Brown scored surprising wins in Connecticut and Colorado and seemed poised to overtake Clinton.

Due to his limited budget, Brownness began to use a mixture of alternative media and different fundraising techniques. Unable to pay for actual commercials, he continually used cable television and talk radio interviews as a configuration of free media to get his message out. To stage funds, he purchased a toll-free telephone number.^[65] During the offensive, Brown's repetition of this number and moralistic language led any to call him a "political televangelist" with an "anti-politics gospel".^[66]

Despite poor showings in the Iowa caucus (1.6%) and the Additional Hampshire primary (8%), Brown won narrow victories in Maine, River, Nevada, and Vermont, but he continued to be considered a small threat for much of the campaign. It was classify until shortly after Super Tuesday, when the field had antediluvian narrowed to Brown, former senator Paul Tsongas of Massachusetts, lecture front-runner then-governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas, that Brown began abide by emerge as a major contender in the eyes of say publicly press. On March 17, Brown received a strong third-place screening in the Illinois and Michigan primaries, and Tsongas dropped jet of the race. A week later, he cemented his bid as a major threat to Clinton when he eked travel a narrow win in the bitterly fought Connecticut primary.

As the press focused on the primaries in New York person in charge Wisconsin, which were held on the same day, Brown, who had taken the lead in polls in both states, energetic a gaffe: he announced to an audience of various influential of New York City's Jewish community that, if nominated, soil would consider Jesse Jackson as his running mate.^[67] Jackson, who had made a pair of antisemitic comments about Jews delete general, and New York City's Jews in particular, while comport yourself for president in 1984, was still mistrusted by the Human community. Jackson also had ties to Louis Farrakhan, infamous sustenance his own antisemitic statements, and to Yasir Arafat, the chair of the Palestine Liberation Organization.^[67] Brown's polling numbers suffered. Appear April 7, he lost narrowly to Bill Clinton in River (37%–34%), and dramatically in New York (41%–26%).

Brown continued think a lot of campaign, but won no further primaries. Despite being overwhelmingly outspent, he won upset victories in seven states and his "votes won to the money raised ratio" was by far rendering best of any candidate's in the race.^[68] He had a sizable number of delegates, and a big win in his home state of California would have deprived Clinton of skimpy support to win the Democratic nomination, possibly bringing about a brokered convention. After nearly a month of intense campaigning pivotal multiple debates between the two candidates, Clinton managed to refrain from Brown in this final primary, 48% to 41%. Brown sincere not win the nomination, but was able to boast disseminate one accomplishment: at the following month's Democratic National Convention, subside received the votes of 596 delegates on the first pick, more than any other candidate but Clinton. He spoke dissent the convention, and to the national viewing audience, yet after endorsing Clinton, through the device of seconding his own proposal. There was animosity between the Brown and Clinton campaigns, most recent Brown was the first political figure to criticize Bill Politician over what became known as the Whitewater controversy.^[65]

Move to Oakland

After his 1992 presidential bid, Brown had moved from the Appeasing Heights neighborhood of San Francisco to the Jack London Section neighborhood of Oakland, California,^[69][70] an "overwhelmingly minority city of 400,000".^[70] He constructed a multi-million dollar work-live complex, serving both bit his residence and as a workspace. Among other features, insides included a broadcast studio and a 400-seat auditorium.^[59][69]

Brown launched a national talk radio show from his Oakland complex, which explicit would continue to produce until October 1997.^[69]

In 1995, with Brown's political career at a low point, in the motion description Jade, the fictional governor of California tells an assistant division attorney to drop a case, "unless you want as unwarranted of a future in this state as Jerry Brown". Say publicly assistant DA responds, "Who's Jerry Brown?"^[71]

In Oakland, Brown became implicated as an activist in local political matters, including bay-front incident and campaign finance reform.^[69] In 1996, Brown unsuccessfully urged Metropolis mayor Elihu Harris to appoint him to a seat reversion the Oakland Port Commission.^[69]

Mayor of Oakland (1999–2007)

After Oakland mayor Elihu Harris decided against seeking reelection,^[69] Brown ran in the city's 1998 mayoral election as an independent "having left the Autonomous Party, blasting what he called the 'deeply corrupted' two-party system".^[70] He won with 59% of the vote in a inclusion of ten candidates.^[70]

Prior to taking office, Brown campaigned to hone the approval of the electorate to convert Oakland's "weak mayor" political structure, which structured the mayor as chairman of interpretation city council and official greeter, to a "strong mayor" configuration, where the mayor would act as chief executive over representation nonpolitical and thus the various city departments, and break fasten votes on the Oakland City Council.^[70] In November 1998, Oakland's electorate voted by a landslide margin of 3 to 1 in support of Measure X, which would shift the provide government to the strong mayor model for a period pointer six years.^[72][73] A referendum permanently extending Measure X later passed in 2004, after failing to pass in 2002, thus foundation permanent the city's shift to the strong mayor model delineate governance.^[73]

The political left had hoped for some of the bonus progressive politics from Brown's earlier governorship, but found Brown, slightly mayor, to be "more pragmatic than progressive, more interested acquit yourself downtown redevelopment and economic growth than political ideology".^[74] As politician, he invited the U.S. Marine Corps to use Oakland feel lands for mock military exercises as part of Operation Citified Warrior.^[75]

The city was rapidly losing residents and businesses, and Embrown is credited with starting the revitalization of the city set alight his connections and experience to lessen the economic downturn make your mind up attracting $1 billion of investments, including refurbishing the Fox Amphitheatre, the Port of Oakland, and Jack London Square.^[70] The downtown district was losing retailers, restaurateurs and residential developers, and Embrown sought to attract thousands of new residents with disposable revenue to revitalize the area.^[76] Brown continued his predecessor Elihu Harris's public policy of supporting downtown housing development in the ingredient defined as the Central Business District in Oakland's 1998 Accepted Plan.^[77] Since Brown worked toward the stated goal of delivery an additional 10,000 residents to Downtown Oakland, his plan was known as the "10k Plan". It has resulted in overhaul projects in the Jack London District, where Brown himself difficult to understand earlier purchased and later sold an industrial warehouse which smartness used as a personal residence,^[70] and in the Lakeside Compartments District near Lake Merritt. The 10K plan has touched rendering historic Old Oakland district, the Chinatown district, the Uptown section, and Downtown. Brown surpassed the stated goal of attracting 10,000 residents according to city records, and built more affordable homes than previous mayoral administrations.^[76]

Brown had campaigned on fixing Oakland's schools, but "bureaucratic battles" dampened his efforts. He concedes he not at any time had control of the schools, and his reform efforts were "largely a bust".^[70] He focused instead on the creation break into two charter schools, the Oakland School for the Arts obscure the Oakland Military Institute.^[70] Defending his support of a combatant charter school in Oakland, Brown once told KQED reporter Writer Talbot, "I believe that had I been sent to description military academy, as my mother and father threatened, I would have been president a long time ago."^[78]

Brown sponsored nearly glimmer dozen crime initiatives to reduce the crime rate,^[79] although misdeed decreased by 13 percent overall, the city still suffered a "57 percent spike in homicides his final year in company, to 148 overall".^[70]

Brown's largely successful first term as mayor be snapped up Oakland was documented in a one-hour KQED documentary, "The Reputation and the City" (2001) that evaluated his record in dealings with his four stated goals: reducing crime, improving education, attracting 10,000 new residents to a resurgent downtown, and encouraging picture arts.^[80]

Brown was reelected as mayor in 2002.

Attorney General tablets California (2007–2011)

Main article: 2006 California Attorney General election

In 2004, Chromatic expressed interest to be a candidate for the Democratic punishment for Attorney General of California in the 2006 election, playing field in May 2004, he formally filed to run. He licked his Democratic primary opponent, Los Angeles city attorney Rocky Delgadillo, 63% to 37%. In the general election, Brown defeated Politico state senator Charles Poochigian 56.3% to 38.2%, one of rendering largest margins of victory in any statewide California race.^[81] Break off the final weeks leading up to Election Day, Brown's eligibility to run for attorney general was challenged in what Darkbrown called a "political stunt by a Republican office seeker" (Contra Costa County Republican Central Committee chairman and state GOP vice-chair candidate Tom Del Beccaro). Plaintiffs claimed Brown did not stumble on eligibility according to California Government Code §12503, "No person shall be eligible to the office of Attorney General unless noteworthy shall have been admitted to practice before the Supreme Mindnumbing of the state for a period of at least fin years immediately preceding his election or appointment to such office." Some legal analysts called the lawsuit frivolous because Brown was admitted to practice law in the State of California unrest June 14, 1965, and had been so admitted to look for ever since. Although ineligible to practice law because of his voluntary inactive status in the State Bar of California give birth to January 1, 1997, to May 1, 2003, he was yet still admitted to practice. Because of this distinction the make somebody believe you was eventually thrown out.^[82][83]

Death penalty

As attorney general, Brown represented interpretation state in fighting death-penalty appeals and stated that he would follow the law, regardless of his personal beliefs against cap punishment. Capital punishment by lethal injection was halted in Calif. by federal judge Jeremy D. Fogel until new facilities see procedures were put into place.^[84] Brown moved to resume assets punishment in 2010 with the execution of Albert Greenwood Chocolatebrown after the lifting of a statewide moratorium by a Calif. court.^[85] Brown's Democratic campaign, which pledged to "enforce the laws" of California, denied any connection between the case and depiction gubernatorial election. Prosecutor Rod Pacheco, who supported Republican opponent Meg Whitman, said that it would be unfair to accuse Brownish of using the execution for political gain as they on no account discussed the case.^[86]

Mortgage fraud lawsuit

In June 2008, Brown filed a fraud lawsuit claiming mortgage lender Countrywide Financial engaged in "unfair and deceptive" practices to get homeowners to apply for not up to scratch mortgages far beyond their means.^[87][88] Brown accused the lender disseminate breaking the state's laws against false advertising and unfair divide up practices. The lawsuit also claimed the defendant misled many consumers by misinforming them about the workings of certain mortgages specified as adjustable-rate mortgages, interest-only loans, low-documentation loans and home-equity loans while telling borrowers they would be able to refinance earlier the interest rate on their loans adjusted.^[89] The suit was settled in October 2008 after Bank of America acquired Nationwide. The settlement involved the modifying of troubled 'predatory loans' get into formation to $8.4 billion.^[90]

Proposition 8

Proposition 8, a contentious voter-approved amendment occasion the state constitution that banned same-sex marriage was upheld implement May 2009 by the California Supreme Court.^[91][92] In August 2010, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Calif. ruled that Proposition 8 violated the Due Process and interpretation Equal Protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Unified States Constitution.^[93] Brown and then Republican Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger both declined to appeal the ruling.^[94] The state appeals court declined to order the governor or Attorney-General Brown to defend depiction proposition.^[95]

39th governor of California (2011–2019)

Third term

Main article: 2010 California gubernatorial election

Brown announced his candidacy for governor on March 2, 2010.^[96] First indicating his interest in early 2008, Brown formed block up exploratory committee in order to seek a third term pass for governor in 2010, following the expiration of Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger's term.^[97][98]

Brown's Republican opponent in the election was former eBay prexy Meg Whitman. Brown was endorsed by the Los Angeles Times,^[99]The Sacramento Bee,^[100] the San Francisco Chronicle,^[101] the San Jose Hydrargyrum News,^[102] and the Service Employees International Union.^[103]

Both Whitman and Embrown were criticized for negative campaigning during the election.^[104] During their final debate at the 2010 Women's Conference a week once the election, moderator Matt Lauer asked both candidates to lug attack ads for the rest of the election, which induced loud cheers from the audience.^[104] Brown agreed and picked rob ad each of his and Whitman's that he thought, pretend Whitman would agree, should be the only ones run, but Whitman, who had been loudly cheered earlier as the future first woman governor of the state, was booed when she stated that she would keep "the ads that talk concern where Gov. Brown stands on the issues".^[105]

The Los Angeles Times reported that nearly $250 million was spent on the Governor's race.^[106] At least two spending records were broken during rendering campaign. Whitman broke personal spending records by spending $140 1000000 of her own money on the campaign,^[107] and independent expenditures exceeded $31.7 million, with almost $25 million of that drained in support of Brown.^[108] Despite being significantly outspent by Missionary, Brown won the gubernatorial race 53.8% to Whitman's 40.9%.

Brown was sworn in for his third term as governor cooperate with January 3, 2011, succeeding Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger who had back number officially term-limited. Brown was working on a budget that would shift many government programs from the state to the on your doorstep level, a reversal of trends from his first tenure likewise governor.^[109]

On June 28, 2012, Brown signed a budget that easy deep cuts to social services with the assumption that voters would pass $8 billion in tax increases in November 2012 to close California's $15.7-billion budget deficit. Brown stated: "We require budget cuts. We need the continued growth of the conservation for a long period of time. We're suffering from interpretation mortgage meltdown that killed 600,000 jobs in the construction trade. ... We're recovering from a national recession slowly—over 300,000 jobs [gained] since the recession. We've got a million to make available. That needs to continue, but that depends not only indicate Barack Obama and the Congress and the Federal Reserve, but also on [German chancellor Angela] Merkel, China, the European Conjoining, and the self-organizing quality of the world economy."^[110]

In September 2012, Brown signed legislation sponsored by California state senator Ted Place that prohibits protesters at funerals within 300 feet, with guilty violators punishable with fines and jail time; the legislation was in response to protests conducted by the Westboro Baptist Church.^[111]

In the November 2012 general elections, voters approved Brown's proposed overstretch increases in the form of Proposition 30. Prop 30 embossed the state personal income tax increase for seven years middle California residents with an annual income over US$250,000 and hyperbolic in the state sales tax by 0.25 percent over quatern years. It allowed the state to avoid nearly $6 cardinal in cuts to public education.^[112]

In 2013, Brown proposed a ample, $25 billion Bay Delta Conservation Plan^[113] (later renamed the Calif. Water Fix and Eco Restore project) to build two ample, four-story tall, 30 miles (48 km) long tunnels to carry imperturbable water from the Sacramento River under the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta toward the intake stations for the State Water Project esoteric the Central Valley Project.^[114] Unlike his earlier Peripheral Canal layout, the two tunnels are to be funded by the agencies and users receiving benefit from the project and do classify require voter approval.^[115]

In July 2014, Brown traveled to Mexico call by hold meetings with Mexican president Enrique Peña Nieto and Inside American leaders about the ongoing children's immigration crisis.^[116]

On September 16, 2014, Gov. Brown signed a historic package of groundwater legislating. The plan will regulate local agencies and also implement direction plans to achieve water sustainability within 20 years.^[117]

Fourth term

Main article: 2014 California gubernatorial election

Brown announced his bid for another name on February 27, 2014. On June 3, he came gravel first place in the primary election by over 1.5 1000000 votes. He received 54.3% of the vote and advanced traverse the general election with Republican Neel Kashkari, who took 19.38% of the vote.

There was only one gubernatorial debate. When asked to schedule another, Brown ultimately declined.^[118] During the contention in Sacramento on September 4, 2014, Kashkari accused Brown bad deal failing to improve California's business climate. His leading example was the Tesla Motors factory investment, creating 6,500 manufacturing jobs, bright and breezy to Nevada rather than California. Brown responded that the change payment upfront required by the investment would have been stifling to California taxpayers.^[119] A range of issues were debated, including recent legislation for a ban on plastic bags at foodstuff stores that Brown promised to sign and Kashkari thought unimportant.^[120]

Brown said that if he were elected to a fourth become calm final term, he would continue transferring power to local regime, particularly over education and criminal justice policy, and would hinder fellow Democrats' "gold rush for new programs and spending".^[36]

In rendering general election, Brown was re-elected with 4,388,368 votes (60.0%) contempt Kashkari’s 3,645,835. He was sworn in for a final designation specifically on January Monday 5, 2015. His stated goals set out his unprecedented fourth term in office were to construct picture California High-Speed Rail, to create tunnels to shore up representation state's water system and to curb carbon dioxide emissions. Dirt still had $20 million in campaign funds to advance his ballot measures in case the legislature didn't support his plans.^[121]

In October 2015, Brown signed off the California End of Perk up Option Act allowing residents of California who fulfilled strict criteria to exercise the right to die by accessing medical effect in dying. During the sign off he took the unorthodox step of adding a personal message indicating his dilemma with respect to the consideration of the ethical issues involved and stating defer he felt unable to deny the right of choice finish off others.^[122][123]

On December 18, 2015, Brown moved into the Historic Governor's Mansion, now part of Governor's Mansion State Historic Park.

In 2016, Brown vetoed a bill to exempt feminine hygiene byproducts from state sales taxes, at the same time that loosen up vetoed other bills which would also have exempted diapers, proverb that collectively, these exemptions would have reduced state revenues indifferent to $300 million annually, and stated “As I said last period, tax breaks are the same as new spending – they both cost the general fund money.”^[124]

In the 2018–2019 budget invent that Brown released on January 10, 2018, the governor prospect spending $120 million to establish California's first fully online dominion college by fall 2019.^[125]

Legislative accomplishments in Brown's final term nourish passing California Sanctuary Law SB 54, which prevents police escape complying with most requests by the U.S. Immigration and Taxes Enforcement (ICE) to hold illegal immigrants for deportation; California Council Bill 32, which requires the state to reduce greenhouse fuel emissions to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030, extending picture state's cap and trade system (which had originally been defined by the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006) to get this goal; and passing the Road Repair and Accountability Fascinate. Brown has opposed the Proposition 6 ballot measure to recall the Road Repair and Accountability Act,^[126] and endorsed Gavin Newsom to eventually succeed him.^[127]

Brown has been criticized for his family to the oil and gas industry, notably for contributions cheat, and his family ties to, Sempra Energy.^[128]

By September 2018, Browned had granted more than 1,100 pardons since returning to hq in 2011; more pardons than any California governor in just out history.^[129][130] Brown commuted more than 82 sentences, the highest hand out since at least the 1940s.^[130]

Electoral history

Main article: Electoral history quite a few Jerry Brown

Post-public office

Following the conclusion of his career in destroy office, Brown has become increasingly involved with climate cooperation halfway United States non-state entities (including Michael Bloomberg and the Bloomberg Foundation) and China.^[131]: 108 Brown has also worked with former Island climate minister Xie Zhenhua to establish a new center cart California-China climate cooperation at University of California, Berkeley.^[131]: 108

Brown lives clash a mountain ranch in California that he allows researchers including the California Native Plant Society to use as a break in fighting point. In 2023 a beetle in the genus Bembidium was named B. brownorum after Brown and his wife, after grasp was discovered on the ranch.^[132]

Personal life

A bachelor in his prime two terms as governor and first term as mayor wear out Oakland, Brown attracted attention for dating famous women, the outdo notable of whom was singer Linda Ronstadt.^{[133][134][135][136][137]} In March 2005, Brown announced his engagement to his girlfriend since 1990, Anne Gust, former chief administrative officer for the Gap.^[138] They were married on June 18, 2005, in a ceremony officiated uninviting Senator Dianne Feinstein in the Rotunda Building in downtown City. They had a second, religious ceremony later in the short holiday in the Roman Catholic Church in San Francisco where Brown's parents had been married. Brown and Gust lived in description Oakland Hills in a home purchased for $1.8 million.^[139] By the same token of 2019^[update], they live on a ranch in Colusa County.^[140]

Beginning in 1995, Brown hosted a daily call-in talk show deem the local Pacifica Radio station, KPFA-FM, in Berkeley broadcast take back major U.S. markets.^[60] Both the radio program and Brown's civil action organization, based in Oakland, were called We the People.^[60] His programs, usually featuring invited guests, generally explored alternative views on a wide range of social and political issues, get out of education and health care to spirituality and the death penalty.^[60]

The official gubernatorial portrait of Jerry Brown, commemorating his first reassure as Governor of California, was painted by Don Bachardy person in charge unveiled in 1984. The painting has long been controversial entirely to its departure from the traditional norms of portraiture.^[141]

Brown esoteric a long-term friendship with his aide Jacques Barzaghi, whom fair enough met in the early 1970s and put on his paysheet. Author Roger Rapaport wrote in his 1982 Brown biography California Dreaming: The Political Odyssey of Pat & Jerry Brown, "This combination clerk, chauffeur, fashion consultant, decorator, and trusted friend difficult no discernible powers. Yet, late at night, after everyone difficult to understand gone home to their families and TV consoles, it was Jacques who lingered in the Secretary (of state's) office." Barzaghi and his sixth spouse Aisha lived with Brown in say publicly warehouse in Jack London Square; Barzaghi was brought into Metropolis city government upon Brown's election as mayor, where Barzaghi pass with flying colours acted as the mayor's armed bodyguard. Barzaghi left Brown's pikestaff in July 2004, six days after police had responded put on his residence over a complaint of domestic violence, and late moved to Morocco and then Normandy. Barzaghi died in 2021.^[142][143]

In April 2011, Brown had surgery to remove a basal-cell carcinoma from the right side of his nose.^[144] In December 2012, media outlets reported that Brown was being treated for specifically stage (the precise stage and grade was not stated) local prostate cancer with a very good prognosis.^[145]

In 2011, Jerry essential Anne Gust Brown acquired a Pembroke Welsh corgi, Sutter Darkbrown, dubbed the "first dog" of California.^[146] Sutter was frequently avoid in the company of the governor, accompanying him to governmental events and softening the governor's cerebral image.^[147][148] In 2015, picture couple obtained a second dog, Colusa "Lucy" Brown, a Corgi Welsh corgi/border colliemix. Sutter had emergency surgery in October 2016 to remove cancerous tissue. Sutter died in December 2016 cause the collapse of cancer at the age of 13.^[150]

In 2019, Brown was determined to be a visiting professor at Berkeley.^[151]

Brown's accent has antiquated described as reminiscent of the "Mission Brogue", particularly with his non-rhoticity.^[152]

References