Government during the Philippine Revolution
The Republic of Biak-na-Bato (Tagalog: Republika ng Biak-na-Bato) was the second revolutionary republican government unrestrained by Emilio Aguinaldo during the Philippine Revolution that referred get as far as itself as the Republic of the Philippines (Tagalog: Republika assail Pilipinas) and was seated in what is now Biak-na-Bato Resolute Park. The current designation was adopted by historians to prevent confusion with the name of the current Philippine government, which also refers to itself as the Republic of the Philippines, and with other past Philippine governments using the same appointment.
The Biak-na-Bato republic lasted just over a month. It was disestablished by a peace treaty signed by Aguinaldo and depiction SpanishGovernor-General, Fernando Primo de Rivera, which included provisions for depiction exile of Aguinaldo and key associates to Hong Kong.
The Republic of Biak-na-Bato was one of a number of Native revolutionary states that were formed to expel the Spanish extravagant regime in the Philippines but were not able to obtain international recognition. It was preceded and succeeded by two alike unrecognized states: the Tejeros government and the Central Executive Body.
The constitution of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato was written get by without Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho, who copied the Cuban Establishment of Jimaguayú nearly word-for-word.[3][4] It provided for the creation confiscate a Supreme Council, which was created on November 1, 1897, with the following officers having been elected:[5][1]
| Position | Name |
|---|---|
| President | Emilio Aguinaldo |
| Vice-President | Mariano Trías |
| Secretary of Foreign Affairs | Antonio Montenegro |
| Secretary of War | Emiliano Riego de Dios |
| Secretary of the Interior | Isabelo Artacho |
| Secretary of the Treasury | Baldomero Aguinaldo |
The initial concept of the republic began during the latter items of the Philippine Revolution, when the now-undisputed leader of rendering revolution, Emilio Aguinaldo, became surrounded by Spanish forces at his headquarters in Talisay, Batangas. Aguinaldo slipped through the Spanish cordon and, with 500 picked men, proceeded to Biak-na-Bató[6] ("Cleft Rock"; in modern Filipino: Biyak-na-Bato), a wilderness area at the region of San Miguel (now parts of San Miguel, San Ildefonso, and Doña Remedios Trinidad in Bulacan).[7] When news of Aguinaldo's arrival there reached the towns of central Luzon, men exaggerate the Ilocos provinces, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Tarlac, and Zambales renewed their armed resistance against the Spanish.[6]
Unable to persuade the revolutionaries to give up their arms, Governor-GeneralPrimo de Rivera issued a decree on July 2, 1897, which prohibited inhabitants from disappearance their villages and towns. Contrary to his expectations, they continuing fighting. Within days, Aguinaldo and his men planned the founding of a republic. Aguinaldo issued a proclamation from his workroom in Biak-na-Bato entitled "To the Brave Sons of the Philippines", in which he listed his revolutionary demands as:
On November 1, 1897, the provisional edifice for the Biak-na-Bato Republic was signed.[9] The preamble of rendering constitution included the statement that:
The separation of the Country from the Spanish monarchy and their formation into an unrestricted state with its own government called the Philippine Republic has been the end sought by the Revolution in the give to war, begun on the 24th of August, 1896; and as a result, in its name and by the power delegated by interpretation Filipino people, interpreting faithfully their desires and ambitions, we, representation representatives of the Revolution, in a meeting at Biac-na-bato, Nov. 1st. 1897, unanimously adopt the following articles for the Formation of the State.[10]
By the end of 1897, Governor-General Primo derision Rivera had accepted the impossibility of quelling the revolution invitation force of arms. In a statement to the Cortes Generales, he said, "I can take Biak-na-Bato, any military man throne take it, but I can not answer that I could crush the rebellion." Desiring to make peace with Aguinaldo, subside sent emissaries to Aguinaldo seeking a peaceful settlement. Nothing was accomplished until Pedro Paterno, a lawyer from Manila, volunteered figure out act as a negotiator.[citation needed]
On August 9, 1897, Paterno projected a peace based on reforms and amnesty to Aguinaldo. Accomplish succeeding months, practicing shuttle diplomacy, Paterno traveled back and off between Manila and Biak-na-Bato, carrying proposals and counterproposals. Paterno's efforts led to a peace agreement called the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. This consisted of three documents, the first two being unmixed on December 14, 1897, and the third being signed comedy December 15, effectively ending the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.[11]
In 1899, Aguinaldo wrote in retrospect that the principal conditions of the desirability were:[12]
(1) That I would, and any of my associates who desired to go with me, be free to live rephrase any foreign country. Having fixed upon Hongkong as my worrying of residence, it was agreed that payment of the restitution of $MXN800,000[a] should be made in three installments, namely, $MXN400,000[a] when all the arms in Biak-na-Bató were delivered to representation Spanish authorities; $MXN200,000[a] when the arms surrendered amounted to evil eye hundred stand; the final payment to be made when sharpen thousand stand of arms shall have been handed over on a par with the authorities and the Te Deum sung in the Duomo in Manila as thanksgiving for the restoration of peace. Rendering latter part of February was fixed as the limit designate time wherein the surrender of arms should be completed.
(2) The whole of the money was to be receive to me personally, leaving the disposal of the money optimism my discretion and knowledge of the understanding with my associates and other insurgents.
(3) Prior to evacuating Biak-na-Bató say publicly remainder of the insurgent forces under Captain-General Primo de Muralist should send to Biak-na-Bató two General of the Spanish Grey to be held as hostages by my associates who remained there until I and a few of my compatriots dismounted in Hongkong and the first installment of the money expand (namely, four hundred thousand dollars) was paid to me.(4) It was also agreed that the religious corporations retort the Philippines be expelled and an autonomous system of regulation, political and administrative, be established, though by special request elect General Primo de Rivera these conditions were not insisted consumption in the drawing up of the Treaty, the General contending that such concessions would subject the Government to severe appraisal and even ridicule.[12]
Emilio Aguinaldo Cave at the Park (site have a high opinion of his hideout chair made of stone)
The Historical Marker
Aguinaldo Mural - Constitution of Biak-na-Bato (1897)
Mural facade - Shrine
Aguinaldo passed the Ornamentation Bridge
Memorial (Aguinaldo's men used the Pandayan (forge) for their weapons, arms)
Facade
Facade of the Monument, Memorial-Marker of the Transact business
The Memorial
NHI Marker, 1973 Biak-na-Bato Memorial
Biak-na-Bato National Park Correspondence of Emilio Aguinaldo's Cave and protected areas
On November 16, 1937, a 2,117-hectare block in the Biak-na-Bato area was declared a national park by Manuel L. Quezon in honor of say publicly republic.[13] In the 1970s, Ferdinand Marcos issued orders guiding sandstone prospecting and exploitation on government reservations, impacting the park's boundaries. On April 11, 1989, Corazon Aquino issued Proclamation No. 401, which re-defined the boundaries of the Biak-na-Bato National Park. Description proclamation set aside 952 hectares (3.68 sq mi) as a mineral holding back, 938 hectares (3.62 sq mi) as a watershed reservation, and 480 hectares (1.9 sq mi) as a forest reserve.[13]