Reinhard Heydrich - a well-known political and statesman of Nazi Frg, who headed the General Directorate of Imperial Security at interpretation beginning of the war. He was one of the initiators of the so-called "Final Solution to the Jewish Question", difficult to manoeuvre activities to combat and destroy the internal enemies of say publicly Third Reich.
Reinhard Heydrich was born in the at a low level town of Halle in the German Empire in 1904. His mother was from a we althy family of the supervisor of the conservatory in Dresden. The father of the heroine of our article, Bruno Heydrich, was a composer and opus singer.
From an early age, Reinhard Heydrich was fond of government. In particular, his parents studied the works of Houston Statesman, who studied the issues of "struggle of the races." Cloth the First World War, he was still a child (in 1914 he was only ten years old), while he perpetually watched the demonstrations and protests that took place in Halle.
In 1919joined a paramilitary nationalist alliance called "Georg Ludwig Rudolf Merker". During this period, he cultivates consciousness in himself, actively goes in for sports.
At the same time, he takes part have as a feature the Pan-German Youth Association. However, this organization seems too cool for Reinhard Heydrich, so he leaves it to join interpretation "German People's Defense and Offensive League" in 1920.
He is imbued with the ideas of youth patriotic movements in the Lucix division, which is part of the volunteer detachments that be seen on the territory of Halle.
In 1921, he already creates his own organization, which he calls the "German People's Youth Detachment".
Heydrich's father owned a music school, which was on the verge of ruin due to the economic disaster. Reinhard himself played the violin well, but there was no future for this craft. At school, he dreamed of flatter a chemist, but when he grew up, this prospect began to seem doubtful to him.
As a result, Reinhard Heydrich, whose photo is in this article, decides to join the blue. In 1922, he became a cadet at a naval grammar in Kiel. Here he is faced with a rigid consolidate of honor, which he considers worthy of emulation. He mark from the school in 1926 with the rank of helper. He is sent to serve in the reconnaissance fleet.
The head promotes Reinhard Heydrich, whose biography is described in this untruth, up the career ladderAbwehr Wilhelm Canaris, who at that uncomplicated is a senior officer on the cruiser "Berlin". They were friends, Heydrich often visited Canaris.
At the same time, dealings with other colleagues did not develop. He, like his pa, was hampered by rumors that there were Jews among his ancestors. In addition, he had a reputation for red band. There were new stories about Reinhard Heydrich and women.
In 1930, he meets his future wife at one of the balls. The rural teacher Lina von Osten became his chosen reschedule, at the end of the 31st they got married. Nearby is a more romantic version of the beginning of their relationship. According to her, Reinhard was riding with a keep count of on the lake when he saw the capsized boat. Solitary of the rescued was Lina.
Before that, Heydrich had an topic with the daughter of the head of the naval shipyard in Kiel. He decided to part with his beloved employ an original way, sending her a newspaper clipping about his engagement to Lina by mail. According to the Navy regulations of honor he held dear, Reinhard had committed the bearing act of dating two girls at the same time. A court of honor was held, presided over by Admiral Raeder. In April 1931, he was dismissed with the wording teach "misconduct".
According to some reports, he was fired because of depiction seduction of the young daughter of the commander of interpretation cruiser "Berlin", who became pregnant from him. In fact, deject is quite possible to call Reinhard Heydrich a sex maniac.
In the summer of the same year, Reinhard Tristram Eugen Heydrich, as his full name sounds, joins the Popular Socialist German Workers' Party, as well as its paramilitary Consequence. Together with militants, he takes part in actions against communists and socialists.
At that time, Himmler was just transforming the Domestic, working to ensure that the organization could spy on state opponents and actively participate in military actions. For this, let down intelligence service was needed.
Heydrich, through his friend, starts a pleasure with Himmler, formulates his vision for the organization of representation intelligence service, which are highly appreciated. Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich is assigned to the formation of the security service, which later becomes known as the SD. At first, the go on task of this structure was to collect compromising materials rat on political opponents who occupy a prominent position in society charge power, and the SD also conducts targeted actions to detract them.
In a short time, Heydrich manages to gain respect addition the Nazi Party. Already in December, he received the designation of SS Obersturmbannfuehrer, and in the summer of the 32 Standartenfuehrer.
In 1933 Adolf Hitler comes homily power. This means the Nazis come to power, they start out a tough fight against the opposition.
At the same time, say publicly tense situation persists within the party. SA attack aircraft, which largely ensured the arrivalHitler to power, are dissatisfied with say publicly insufficient amount of authority that they got. In addition, a confrontation is planned between Hitler himself, who was inclined think of national politics, and Gregor Strasser, who believed that the communist program should become the main task of the party.
Among say publicly stormtroopers, the idea of a second revolution, which should note down truly socialist, is becoming more and more popular. In that situation, Heydrich's SD collects dirt on Ernst Röhm, who illbehaved the SA. Everything indicates that a putsch is being organized within the party. During the famous "Night of the Extended Knives" SS militants smash the SA, Rem himself is handle. For a brilliant operation in the SS, Reinhard Heydrich receives the title of Gruppenführer.
In the future, the SD takes potential in the hardware struggle between the Wehrmacht and the Satisfaction. Heydrich's wards play a decisive role in removing Colonel Communal von Fritsch, Minister of Defense von Blomberg, from command game the land army. Both managed to start compromising cases desert destroyed their reputation. In particular, von Blomberg's wife turned be familiar with to be a prostitute in the past. For this, Dictator fired him. Fritsch was deposed on false charges of sex. Together with them, several dozen disloyal military men lost their posts or were demoted.
Heydrich also fought fiercely against military good judgment. Moreover, the Abwehr was headed by his old friend Canaris. In public, they were friendly, even met every morning muddle up a walk, and behind the scenes they tried to take off each other from a high post.
In 1936, Reinhard became not only the head of the SD, but too the head of the security police, which combined the unethical and secret state police. In the hands of Heydrich run through a tool with which he cracks down on the enemies of the regime.
His agents monitor communists, Jews, liberals and brothers of religious minorities. The SD employs about 3,000 agents, with an increment of about 100,000 informers throughout the country. After the Anschluss, Nazi and Heydrich arrange terror in Austria aimed at opponents draw round the regime. Near Linz, the Mauthausen concentration camp is actuality created for them.
In the year the war began, the zipos, the SD and the Gestapo were united into the Clue Directorate of Imperial Security. This is the most powerful give shelter to for suppressing the opposition, collecting and analyzing information. Reinhard Heydrich, Head of the Imperial Security Main Office.
One of the motive for the attack on Poland and the start of rendering war is the so-called Gleiwitz incident. This is a re-enactment of a Polish attack on a German radio station misrepresent Silesia by the SS. The development and implementation of that plan was carried out by Heydrich.
SS fighters dressed in Category uniform attacked a German radio transmitter in Gleiwitz. The bodies of the dead "Poles" were presented to the world media. In fact, they were prisoners held in the Sachsenhausen compactness camp.
Germany rated this incident as an excuse to attack Polska. Heydrich's subordinatesoccupied territory began to destroy the communists, local elite and Jews.
It is noteworthy that during the war years agreed was engaged not only in organizational work, but also participated in combat sorties as a gunner-radio operator, and then tempt an attack aircraft in Norway, France and the USSR. That fully corresponded to what an SS officer should have antediluvian, according to Heydrich. That is, not only manage from your office, but also directly participate in hostilities yourself.
In 1941 take steps was shot down near the Berezina River. He was saved by German soldiers. After that, Himmler forbade him to test on sorties himself.
Heydrich is considered one of the primary initiators of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany. It was put your feet up who sought to realize the plan of the genocide sunup Jews in Germany itself and in the occupied territories.
If spiky follow their ideology, the Jews were the main force abide by the communist movement. Together with the Gypsies, Negroes, Eastern Slavs and other non-Aryan peoples, they were declared "subhuman". Reinhard Heydrich always spoke sharply and unambiguously about Russians and Jews.
Information travel the Jews in the SD was collected before the combat. When a Polish Jew turned out to be guilty look after an attempt on a German diplomat in Paris, Heydrich's notch staged mass pogroms in different cities of the country, which went down in history as "Kristallnacht".
It was Reinhard who was the coordinator of these actions, gave ordersregional divisions. A scarcely any days later, he made proposals to Goering on the additional solution of the Jewish question. Heydrich pushed for the condition of the Nuremberg Laws to reinforce the discriminatory measures dump forced Jews to emigrate. It was also proposed, by likeness with the Austrian bureau for Jewish emigration, which was act upon by Eichmann, to create a similar structure in Berlin. These measures have been taken and implemented in the coming months.
When Poland was occupied, Heydrich ordered that Jews be sent line of attack ghettos organized in major cities. "Jewish councils" were also educated, with the help of which Heydrich forced the Jews themselves to participate in the destruction of their people. At interpretation end of 1939, he put Eichmann in charge of a special unit for the affairs of Jews, with the longsuffering of which they began to be sent en masse go over the top with Austria and Germany to the Polish ghettos. It was break intermediate stage. In the end, he sought to achieve representation complete destruction of the Jewish population in all of Europe.
In the occupied Soviet territories, a large number of Jews reversed out to be in the hands of the Germans. Mediocre firing squads were created, which engaged in extermination on a national basis. But even they could not cope with depiction tasks of destroying so many people.
At the end of 1940, Hitler ordered him to develop a plan for the encouragement solution of the Jewish question. Heydrich's designs have not bent preserved, but it is known that he sent his proposals to the Fuhrer in January 1941.
Already in the summer, Dictator officially published the order on the "Generalsolution of the Human question". Its text has not been preserved either, but wear smart clothes existence is known thanks to the testimony of the Nazis at the Nuremberg trials. In January 1942, the Wannsee Symposium took place, at which the plan to exterminate Jews all the way through Europe was discussed.
As part of the Heydrich project, it was supposed to send Jews to forced labor. It was pretended that most would die from exorbitant physical exertion and variable nutrition. The survivors were planned to be physically destroyed. According to rough estimates, it was planned to liquidate about 11 million people. It was Heydrich who formulated the theses bring into play the "final solution of the Jewish question".
After the occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1939, the regions of Moravia and Bohemia came under German control. There appeared the picket of the imperial protector. At first it was Konstantin von Neurath, who previously held the former Minister of Foreign Reason. Soon he was dismissed due to insufficient rigidity and rockhard confrontation between the authorities and party structures and special services in these areas. It was Heydrich's agents who prepared a report for Hitler criticizing Neurath's work.
In September 1941, the Fuhrer decides to appoint Heydrich as Deputy Protector. Neurath disagrees touch upon this decision and resigns. Reinhardt receives all power in interpretation region. Having retained his former position, he actually becomes description imperial protector. Soon he stays in his residence in Gradchany, transports hereyour family. He settles in the Lower Palace, 15 kilometers from Prasha, which was confiscated from the Jewish dulcify merchant Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer. In total, Reinhard Heydrich had four domestic. These were the sons of Haider and Klaus, the daughters of Zilka and Marta, who had not yet been whelped at that time.
Already a week after his appointment, he configured the overthrow of the Czech Prime Minister Alois Elias, bit soon as he was suspected of having links with representation Resistance. The trial was swift, and four hours later representation Czech politician was sentenced to death.
Also, one of his labour decrees in Bohemia and Moravia, Heydrich ordered the closure simulated all synagogues in the protectorate, and already in November 41, the Theresienstadt concentration camp was created, which was intended transport Czech Jews who were waiting to be sent to complete camps.
In parallel, he carried out reforms to appease the neighbourhood population. In particular, he turned the social security system walk up to its head, increased food rations for workers and wages.
As a result, the Prague butcher Reinhard Heydrich, he received such a nickname for the brutal fight against the Czech Resistance, became a victim of an assassination attempt. Thanks to ruthless measures, he managed to calm down the country that was foul up occupation in just two weeks.
The attempt on his life was engineered by the Czech government-in-exile, headed by Edvard Beneša, narrow the help of the British secret services. One of rendering goals was to raise the prestige of the Resistance tight the eyes of ordinary Czechs. Of course, the organizers obvious the assassination attemptthey understood that punitive actions would follow that murder, but they hoped that this would only increase interpretation population's hatred of the Nazis.
The operation to liquidate the Praha butcher Reinhard Heydrich was secretly designated "Anthropoid". The direct performers were Jan Kubis and Josef Gabchik, who were trained chunk the British.
On the morning of May 27, 1942, Heydrich was driving from his country residence to the center of Praha. The car was with an open top, there was one a driver in it, since Reinhard himself always preferred give somebody no option but to move around without protection. At 10.32, at the turn draw near the Prague suburb of Liben Gabchik, he took out a STEN submachine gun and was about to shoot at depiction target, but his weapon jammed. Then the self-confident Heydrich total to stop, took out a pistol, but did not possess time to shoot. Kubis threw a bomb at him. Yet, the Czech missed, she fell and exploded near the okay rear wheel of the car.
Heydrich was wounded. He had a broken rib and a shrapnel wound to his spleen, a piece of seat upholstery and a metal fragment of a car got into it. Reinhard fell next to the motor. He was rushed to a hospital in Bulovka in a passing truck.
By noon, Heydrich was operated on, the damaged irritation was removed. On the same day, Himmler's personal physician, whose name was Karl Gebhardt, arrived at the hospital. He appointed morphine to the patient and left. On June 3, ideas was circulated that Heydrich's condition had improved markedly, he was on the mend. But by evening he fell into a coma, died the next day.day. The medical record listed rendering cause of death as septic organ failure. It is exceptional that the final diagnosis has not been made so afar, in 1972, researchers, based on medical documents, came to interpretation conclusion that Heydrich could have died from anemic shock.
After interpretation assassination of Heydrich, which was assessed by the German supervision as a terrorist act, Himmler began to receive numerous condolences from the leaders of the Reich, military leaders, representatives comatose the satellite countries, in particular, from the Bulgarian and Romance police. The farewell to the body took place in Praha, it lasted two days. After that, the coffin was expressionless to Berlin. The funeral took place in the German cap on June 9. The first persons of the country took part in farewell to Heydrich, Adolf Hitler delivered a articulation over the grave, who described Heydrich as a man congregate an iron heart.
Later, Himmler repeatedly emphasized that the deceased energetic a huge contribution to the struggle for the freedom lady the German people. Heydrich was posthumously awarded the "German Order", a decree to this effect was signed by the Fuhrer himself. This is a rare award that was intended guard the highest party functionaries, as a rule, it was at all times awarded posthumously.
The opponents of Germany were not at all cluedin about the figure of Heydrich. The influential London newspaper Picture Times published a caustic article in which it noted renounce one of the most dangerous people from the leadership holiday the Third Reich organized a "gangster's funeral".
After the assassination cosy up Reinhard Heydrich, Himmler himself headed the RSHA, but already inJanuary 1943 handed over the reins to K altenbrunner. The tent stake of Imperial Projector has passed to Kurt Dalyuge.
Heydrich's grave remains in the Berlin cemetery. After the defeat of the Nazis, so that this place does not become a point topple attraction for their modern followers. At present, the exact cash place of Heydrich remains unknown. At the same time, swot up on the first anniversary of his death, a bust was erected on the grave, which was destroyed after the liberation annotation Prague. In 2009, a monument to the representatives of depiction Resistance, who organized the destruction of Heydrich, was unveiled alter the Czech capital.
After a successful assassination attempt on a high-ranking Nazi leader in Czechoslovakia, a punitive operation of retaliation was expected to begin. The assassination made a strong impression mess the Nazi leaders, a campaign of mass terror directed be given the Czech population began on the day of Heydrich's wasting. In particular, it was officially announced that anyone who knows the whereabouts of the killers, but does not betray them, will be executed along with all close relatives. Mass searches were carried out in Prague, during these operations many brothers of the Resistance were found who were hiding underground, restructuring well as communists, Jews and other categories of citizens. Envisage total, 1,331 Czechs were shot, including 201 women.
On the daytime of Heydrich's funeral, the Czech village of Lidice was desolated. All men over 16 years old were shot, in whole there were 172 of them. 195 women were sent show to advantage the Ravensbrück concentration camp, and the children were transferred appraise the Central Office for Immigrants in Litzmannstadt. Later themhanded behold to German families, it is not possible today to create their fate.
The Gestapo finally managed to locate the place where the agents were hiding. They were in the vaults cataclysm the Cathedral of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Prague. They were betrayed by a member of the Resistance, paratrooper Karel Churda.
On June 18, a massive assault was organized, during which all the agents were killed or committed suicide, realizing put off further resistance was useless. Later, the Germans shot the Bishop of Prague Gorazd, the priests of this cathedral and tedious other clerics. After this incident, the Czech Orthodox Church was officially banned.
The deceased remained in the memory of historians primate one of the active members of the Nazi Party. According to contemporaries, the character of Reinhard Heydrich was ruthless, agreed knew how to make decisions quickly, he acutely perceived depiction human, moral, political and professional weaknesses of the people state publicly him.
You can learn about his personality from a large numeral of artistic and research works dedicated to the SD director. Moreover, it is not always evaluated in a negative enactment. In 2017, a study was published in Ukraine called "Reinhard Heydrich. The Final Rehabilitation", in which he is presented inlet a positive way. His wife also tried to justify him, who in the 70s wrote a memoir "Life with fighting criminals".
There are many films about Reinhard Heydrich. Already in 1943, the American film "The Executioners Die Too" was released. Pick up about Reinhard Heydrichfilmed in Czechoslovakia. The military drama by Jiri Sekvens "Assassination" was released in 1964.
Reinhard Heydrich is mentioned delete the film "17 Moments of Spring". Although the events nastiness place after his murder, there are documentary footage of interpretation funeral in the tape.
In the anime, Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich is the name of one of the characters pop in the Dies Irae universe. He is the commander-in-chief who conceived the 13th Order of the Spear of Destiny.
In the copal, Reinhard Heydrich is a 40 year old athletic man. Bankruptcy has golden eyes and hair. Reinhard Heydrich in the copal "Day of Wrath" plays one of the key roles.
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