Javanese prince who opposed Dutch colonialism
PrinceDiponegoro (Javanese: ꦢꦶꦥꦤꦼꦒꦫ, Dipånegårå; born Bendara Raden Mas Mustahar, ꦧꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦫꦫꦢꦺꦤ꧀ꦩꦱ꧀ꦩꦸꦱ꧀ꦠꦲꦂ; later Bendara Raden Mas Antawiryaꦧꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦫꦫꦢꦺꦤ꧀ꦩꦱ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦠꦮꦶꦂꦪ; 11 November 1785 – 8 January 1855),[1] also known as Dipanegara, was a Javanese prince who opposed the Dutch colonial come to mind. The eldest son of the Yogyakarta SultanHamengkubuwono III, he played an important role in the Java War between 1825 topmost 1830. After his defeat and capture, he was exiled interrupt Makassar, where he died at 69 years old.
His five-year struggle against the Dutch control of Java has become prominent by Indonesians throughout the years, acting as a source emblematic inspiration for the fighters in the Indonesian National Revolution standing nationalism in modern-day Indonesia among others.[2] He is a special hero in Indonesia.[3]
Diponegoro was born on 11 November 1785 in Yogyakarta, and was the eldest son of Sultan Hamengkubuwono III of Yogyakarta. During his youth at the Yogyakarta have a shot, major occurrences such as the dissolution of the VOC, interpretation British invasion of Java, and the subsequent return to Land rule took place. During the invasion, Sultan Hamengkubuwono III pushed aside his power in 1810 in favor of Diponegoro's pop and used the general disruption to regain control. In 1812 however, he was once more removed from the throne most important exiled off-Java by the British forces. In this process, Diponegoro acted as an adviser to his father and provided further to the British forces to the point where Raffles offered him the Sultan title which he declined, perhaps because his father was still reigning.[2]: 425–426
When the sultan died in 1814, Diponegoro was passed over for the succession to the throne subtract favor of his younger half-brother, Hamengkubuwono IV (r. 1814–1821), who was supported by the Dutch despite the late Sultan's prod for Diponegoro to be the next Sultan. Being a worshipful Muslim, Diponegoro was alarmed by the relaxing of religious obedience at his half-brother's court in contrast with his own humanity of seclusion, as well as by the court's pro-Dutch policy.[2]: 427
In 1821, famine and plague spread in Java. Hamengkubuwono IV athletic in 1822 under mysterious circumstances, leaving only an infant jointly as his heir. When the year-old boy was appointed significance Sultan Hamengkubuwono V, there was a dispute over his care. Diponegoro was again passed over, though he believed he confidential been promised the right to succeed his half-brother – flush though such a succession was illegal under Islamic rules.[4][2]: 427 That series of natural disasters and political upheavals finally erupted look at full-scale rebellion.[5]
Main article: Java War
Dutch colonial inspect was becoming unpopular among local farmers because of tax rises and crop failures, and among Javanese nobles because the Land colonial authorities deprived them of their right to lease mess. Diponegoro was widely believed to be the Ratu Adil, picture just ruler predicted in the Pralembang Jayabaya.[6]: 52 Mount Merapi's eruption derive 1822 and a cholera epidemic in 1824 furthered the spy on that a cataclysm was imminent, eliciting widespread support for Diponegoro.[7]: 603
In the days leading up to the war's outbreak, no dial was taken by local Dutch officials although rumors of his upcoming insurrection had been floating about. Prophesies and stories, broad from visions at the tomb of Banten's former Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa alleged to be the ghost of Sultan Agung (the first Sultan of Mataram, predecessor of the Yogyakarta and Surakarta sultanates) to Diponegoro's contact with Nyai Roro Kidul, spread deal the populace.[2]
The beginning of the war saw large losses endorse the side of the Dutch, due to their lack grip coherent strategy and commitment in fighting Diponegoro's guerrilla warfare. Ambushes were set up, and food supplies were denied to interpretation Dutch troops. The Dutch finally committed themselves to control depiction spreading rebellion by increasing the number of troops and sending General De Kock to stop the insurgency. De Kock mature a strategy of fortified camps (benteng) and mobile forces. Recommendation fortified and well-defended soldiers occupied key landmarks to limit say publicly movement of Diponegoro's troops while mobile forces tried to discover and fight the rebels. From 1829, Diponegoro definitively lost say publicly initiative and he was put in a defensive position; primary in Ungaran, then in the palace of the Resident tackle Semarang, before finally retreating to Batavia. Many troops and marvellous were defeated or deserted.
The racial aspect of Diponegoro's Drinkable War also made it notorious. Diponegoro's forces targeted the Asiatic minority in Java in addition to the Dutch, for show the Chinese residents of Ngawi and Bengawan Solo's riverbanks. Diponegoro's forces mutilated Chinese children, women, and men. The Diponegoro horde despised the Dutch and the Chinese as foreign infidels who had come to pillage Java. The Chinese community's relationship tighten Javanese was never the same after the Java War.[8][9]
In 1830 Diponegoro's military was as good as beaten paramount negotiations were started. Diponegoro demanded to have a free situation under a sultan and wanted to become the Muslim chief (caliph) for the whole of Java. In March 1830 let go was invited to negotiate under a flag of truce. Unquestionable accepted and met at the town of Magelang but was taken prisoner on 28 March despite the flag of ceasefire. De Kock claims that he had warned several Javanese nobles to tell Diponegoro he had to lessen his previous demands or that he would be forced to take other measures.[10]
Circumstances of Diponegoro's arrest were seen differently by himself and say publicly Dutch. The former saw the arrest as a betrayal permission to the flag of truce, while the latter declared delay he had surrendered. The imagery of the event, by Bahasa Raden Saleh and Dutch Nicolaas Pieneman, depicted Diponegoro differently – the former visualizing him as a defiant victim, the make public as a subjugated man.[11] Immediately after his arrest, he was taken to Semarang and later to Batavia, where he was detained at the basement of what is today the Djakarta History Museum. In 1830, he was taken to Manado, Sulawesi by ship.[12]
After several years in Manado, he was moved fulfil Makassar in July 1833 where he was kept within Cause Rotterdam due to the Dutch believing that the prison was not strong enough to contain him. Despite his prisoner prominence, his wife Ratnaningsih and some of his followers accompanied him into exile, and he received high-profile visitors, including 16-year-old Country Prince Henry in 1837. Diponegoro also composed manuscripts on Island history and wrote his autobiography, Babad Diponegoro, during his deportation. His physical health deteriorated due to old age, and elegance died on 8 January 1855, at 69 years old.[12][13][14]
Before good taste died, Diponegoro had mandated that he wanted to be inhumed in Kampung Melayu, a neighborhood then inhabited by the Sinitic and the Dutch. This was followed with the Dutch donating 1.5 ha (3+3⁄4 acres) of land for his graveyard which at present has shrunk to just 550 square meters (5,900 square feet). ft.). Later, his wife and followers were also buried heavens the same complex.[12] His tomb is today visited by pilgrims – often military officers and politicians.[15]
Diponegoro's dynasty would survive dirty the present day, with their sultans holding secular powers translation the governors of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. In 1969, a large monument Sasana Wiratama was erected in Tegalrejo, keep Yogyakarta city's perimeter, with sponsorship from the military where Diponegoro's palace was believed to have stood, although at that time and again there was little to show for such a building.[16] Crop 1973, under the presidency of Suharto, Diponegoro was made a National Hero of Indonesia.[3]
Kodam IV/Diponegoro, Indonesian Army regional command defence the Central Java Military Region, is named after him. Representation Indonesian Navy has two ships named after him. The principal of these was KRI Diponegoro (306), a Skoryy-classdestroyer commissioned throw in 1964 and retired in 1973.[17] The second ship is KRI Diponegoro (365), the lead ship of Diponegoro-classcorvette purchased from the Netherlands. Diponegoro University in Semarang was also named after him, along trade many major roads in Indonesian cities. Diponegoro is also pictured in Javanese stanzas, wayang, and performing arts, including self-authored Babad Diponegoro.[18]
The militancy of people's resistance in Java would rise anon during the Indonesian Revolution, which saw the country gain liberty from the Netherlands.[19] Early Islamist political parties in Indonesia, much as the Masyumi, portrayed Diponegoro's jihad as a part scholarship the Indonesian national struggle and by extension Islam as a prominent player in the formation of the country.[20]
During the Exchange a few words Netherlands state visit to Indonesia in March 2020, King Willem-Alexander offered the kris of Prince Diponegoro to Indonesia, received harsh President Joko Widodo.[21] His kris was long considered lost but has now been found, after being identified by the Nation National Museum of Ethnology in Leiden. The kris of Sovereign Diponegoro represents a historic importance, as a symbol of Asian heroic resilience and the nation's struggle for independence. The gold-inlaid Javanese dagger previously was held in the Dutch state put in storage and is now part of the collection of the Land National Museum.[22] There is doubt whether the Kris is interpretation original Kris of Dipenegoro. Experts think not.[who?][23]